13-06-2012, 04:49 PM
EMBEDDED SYSTEM AND ROBOTICS
[attachment=24398]
Introduction to Microcontrollers
What is Microcontroller?
What is a Microcontroller?
A Microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary peripherals. Both microcontrollers and microprocessors are complex sequential digital circuits meant to carry out job according to the program / instructions. Sometimes analog input/output interface makes a part of microcontroller circuit of mixed mode(both analog and digital nature). A microcontroller can be compared to a Swiss knife with multiple functions incorporated in the same IC.
Microcontrollers Vs Microprocessors
1. A microprocessor requires an external memory for program/data storage. Instruction execution requires movement of data from the external memory to the microprocessor or vice versa. Usually, microprocessors have good computing power and they have higher clock speed to facilitate faster computation.
2. A microcontroller has required on‐chip memory with associated peripherals. A
microcontroller can be thought of a microprocessor with inbuilt peripherals.
3. A microcontroller does not require much additional interfacing ICs for operation and it functions as a standalone system. The operation of a microcontroller is multipurpose, just like a Swiss knife.
4. Microcontrollers are also called embedded controllers. A microcontroller clock speed limited only to a few tens of MHz Microcontrollers are numerous and many of them are application specific.
Development/Classification of microcontrollers (Invisible)
Microcontrollers have gone through a silent evolution (invisible). The evolution can be rightly termed as silent as the impact or application of a microcontroller is not well known to a common user, although microcontroller technology has undergone significant change since early 1970's. Development of some popular microcontrollers is given as follows
Basic Architectures of Microcontrollers
We use more number of microcontrollers compared to microprocessors. Microprocessors are primarily used for computational purpose, whereas microcontrollers find wide application in devices needing real time processing / control.
Application of microcontrollers is numerous. Starting from domestic applications such as in washing machines, TVs, air conditioners, microcontrollers are used in automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, electrical drives, and rob+otics and in space applications.
• Microcontroller Chips
Broad Classification of different microcontroller chips could be as follows:
1. Embedded (Self ‐Contained) 8 ‐ bit Microcontroller
2.16 to 32 Microcontrollers
3.Digital Signal Processors
Temperature sensor:
Commonly available temperature sensors are LM35,DS1621,thermistor.Thermistor gives resistance proportional to the temperature. But accuracy is not good in thermistor. DS1621 gives digital output in I2C format, so you require a microcontroller to interface to see the temperature. Thermistor require accurate resistance in series to get good reading with accuracy The resistance of thermistors are 100ohm,1Kohm(the one i have heard). But thermistor creates some headaches although it costs Rs.5. LM35 have 3 terminal Vcc, ground, Vout. So it is easy and gives analog output and it costs Rs.50.
[attachment=24398]
Introduction to Microcontrollers
What is Microcontroller?
What is a Microcontroller?
A Microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary peripherals. Both microcontrollers and microprocessors are complex sequential digital circuits meant to carry out job according to the program / instructions. Sometimes analog input/output interface makes a part of microcontroller circuit of mixed mode(both analog and digital nature). A microcontroller can be compared to a Swiss knife with multiple functions incorporated in the same IC.
Microcontrollers Vs Microprocessors
1. A microprocessor requires an external memory for program/data storage. Instruction execution requires movement of data from the external memory to the microprocessor or vice versa. Usually, microprocessors have good computing power and they have higher clock speed to facilitate faster computation.
2. A microcontroller has required on‐chip memory with associated peripherals. A
microcontroller can be thought of a microprocessor with inbuilt peripherals.
3. A microcontroller does not require much additional interfacing ICs for operation and it functions as a standalone system. The operation of a microcontroller is multipurpose, just like a Swiss knife.
4. Microcontrollers are also called embedded controllers. A microcontroller clock speed limited only to a few tens of MHz Microcontrollers are numerous and many of them are application specific.
Development/Classification of microcontrollers (Invisible)
Microcontrollers have gone through a silent evolution (invisible). The evolution can be rightly termed as silent as the impact or application of a microcontroller is not well known to a common user, although microcontroller technology has undergone significant change since early 1970's. Development of some popular microcontrollers is given as follows
Basic Architectures of Microcontrollers
We use more number of microcontrollers compared to microprocessors. Microprocessors are primarily used for computational purpose, whereas microcontrollers find wide application in devices needing real time processing / control.
Application of microcontrollers is numerous. Starting from domestic applications such as in washing machines, TVs, air conditioners, microcontrollers are used in automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, electrical drives, and rob+otics and in space applications.
• Microcontroller Chips
Broad Classification of different microcontroller chips could be as follows:
1. Embedded (Self ‐Contained) 8 ‐ bit Microcontroller
2.16 to 32 Microcontrollers
3.Digital Signal Processors
Temperature sensor:
Commonly available temperature sensors are LM35,DS1621,thermistor.Thermistor gives resistance proportional to the temperature. But accuracy is not good in thermistor. DS1621 gives digital output in I2C format, so you require a microcontroller to interface to see the temperature. Thermistor require accurate resistance in series to get good reading with accuracy The resistance of thermistors are 100ohm,1Kohm(the one i have heard). But thermistor creates some headaches although it costs Rs.5. LM35 have 3 terminal Vcc, ground, Vout. So it is easy and gives analog output and it costs Rs.50.