14-06-2012, 04:00 PM
HISTORY of MICROELECTRONICS
[attachment=24455]
Transistor Invention
• on December 23, 1947 (point contact)
• on June 30, 1948, press was almost indifferent (bipolar)
• Inventors of the transistor are William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
H. Brattein. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956
• Bell Laboratories licensed it freely and publicized it extensively in seminars
and papers
• In 1935, a patent was issued to O. Heil for a field effect triode
• 1945: Bell Labs decided to limit their research to germanium and silicium,
the simplest semiconductors
European Invention of the « Transistron »
• Strange and unknown story, reported in Spectrum November 2005, p. 46
• Transistron, very similar to the Bell Labs transistor, was invented at the end
of WW II in Paris, by two German scientists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich
Welker
• They worked at Westinghouse, Paris
• In 1948, a small radio used
this « transistron » (May 14, 1948)
But French government and
Westinghouse failed to
capitalize on “transistron”
(nuclear physics more important)
Germanium Bipolar Transistors and Tubes
On the right are submini tubes used in a Zenith Royal hearing aid
On the left are examples of CK718 junction germanium transistors
produced by Raytheon and used in the Zenith Royal “T” hearing aid, with
252 representing week 52, 1952
Transistor Commercialization
• In 1958, the first field-effect transistor was working. It was called
"Tecnitron" by its creator, S. Teszner, working in France.
• Engineers did not like transistors; they prefered tubes. The first market pull
came from the hearing aids market, for which miniaturization was a must.
• Sonotone in February 1953; it contained 5 transistors
• In the mid-fifties, several companies were designing transistors - Raython,
General Electric, Sylvania, RCA - and this was mass production
• Texas Instruments in 1953
Germanium Bipolar Transistors
RCA introduced the 2N109 in 1955
(Germanium PNP Alloy Junction)
as reliable germanium audio
transistor and used in many
transistorized radios. In 1956, the
2N109 cost a little over $2.
CK722 is one of the best known
transistors, introduced in early 1953
by Raytheon. The CK722 was the
first mass produced germanium alloy
junction transistor. Raytheon was the
major manufacturer of hearing aid
transistors.
[attachment=24455]
Transistor Invention
• on December 23, 1947 (point contact)
• on June 30, 1948, press was almost indifferent (bipolar)
• Inventors of the transistor are William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter
H. Brattein. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956
• Bell Laboratories licensed it freely and publicized it extensively in seminars
and papers
• In 1935, a patent was issued to O. Heil for a field effect triode
• 1945: Bell Labs decided to limit their research to germanium and silicium,
the simplest semiconductors
European Invention of the « Transistron »
• Strange and unknown story, reported in Spectrum November 2005, p. 46
• Transistron, very similar to the Bell Labs transistor, was invented at the end
of WW II in Paris, by two German scientists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich
Welker
• They worked at Westinghouse, Paris
• In 1948, a small radio used
this « transistron » (May 14, 1948)
But French government and
Westinghouse failed to
capitalize on “transistron”
(nuclear physics more important)
Germanium Bipolar Transistors and Tubes
On the right are submini tubes used in a Zenith Royal hearing aid
On the left are examples of CK718 junction germanium transistors
produced by Raytheon and used in the Zenith Royal “T” hearing aid, with
252 representing week 52, 1952
Transistor Commercialization
• In 1958, the first field-effect transistor was working. It was called
"Tecnitron" by its creator, S. Teszner, working in France.
• Engineers did not like transistors; they prefered tubes. The first market pull
came from the hearing aids market, for which miniaturization was a must.
• Sonotone in February 1953; it contained 5 transistors
• In the mid-fifties, several companies were designing transistors - Raython,
General Electric, Sylvania, RCA - and this was mass production
• Texas Instruments in 1953
Germanium Bipolar Transistors
RCA introduced the 2N109 in 1955
(Germanium PNP Alloy Junction)
as reliable germanium audio
transistor and used in many
transistorized radios. In 1956, the
2N109 cost a little over $2.
CK722 is one of the best known
transistors, introduced in early 1953
by Raytheon. The CK722 was the
first mass produced germanium alloy
junction transistor. Raytheon was the
major manufacturer of hearing aid
transistors.