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CS601: Microprocessor & Interfacing


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INTERRUPT


The meaning of ‘Interrupt’ is to break the sequence of operation.
While the cpu is executing a program, ‘interrupt’ breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its execution to some other program called Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).
After executing ISR , the control is transferred back again to the main program.

Purpose of Interrupts


Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O devices that provide or require data at relatively low data transfer rate.



Interrupt Sources


Hardware Interrupts (External Interrupts)
ex: NMI, INTR
Software Interrupts (Internal Interrupts and Instructions)
ex: INT n (Software Instructions)

NMI :-- Non Maskable Interrupt input pin which means that any interrupt request at NMI input cannot to masked or disabled by any means.

INTR:-- It can be masked using the Interrupt Flag (IF).

Microprocessors and Interfacing

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At the high end of the scale

Processor: Intel Pentium 4
Frequency: 3.2GHz
Power consumption: 103 W max.*
Process: 90nm

Computer Technology Dramatic Change

Processor
2X in speed every 1.5 years; 100X performance in last decade
Memory
DRAM capacity: 2X / 2 years; 64X size in last decade
Cost per bit: improves about 25% per year
Disk
capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years
Cost per bit: improves about 100% per year
250X size in last decade

Challenges for 21st Century

PostPC Era will be driven by 2 technologies:
1) Mobile Consumer Devices
e.g., successor to cell phone, PDA, wearable computers
2) Massive I/O interfacing vs RAW computational power

ELEC2041: An Overview

The Aims:

Basics of Microprocessor-based systems
Programmer’s view of Computer Architecture
Interaction between hardware and software, i.e. ‘Interfacing’.

What not covered:

Designing computer hardware
High level language programming

What will You learn in ELEC2041?

Learn big ideas in Microprocessors & Interfacing
5 Classic components of a Computer
Principle of abstraction, used to build systems as layers
Pliable Data – Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): a program determines what it is
Stored program concept: instructions just data
Principle of stack and stack frames
Compilation v. interpretation thru system layers
Principle of Locality, exploited via a memory hierarchy (cache)

New Look ELEC2041!

Modern View of Microprocessor Based Design
Embedded Systems (against desktop computing environment) with incredible processing power (1 GFLOPS Speed)
video games (PlayStation, XBox)
Handheld palmtop computers,
digital still and video cameras,
cellular phones, mobile personal communicators
Smart refrigerators (LG Life is Good!)
System on Chip Design Concept
Integration of general purpose microprocessor core with flexible special purpose programmable peripheral devices to design large systems
Software/ Hardware Partitioning and Co-design
Modern Development Hardware and Software
We use the State-of-the-Art hardware and software in the laboratory
With a view of the Microprocessor Design for 21st Century