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A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or change electronic signals and electrical energy. It is composed of semiconductor material generally with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of transistor terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power may be greater than the control (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are embedded in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental component of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld patented a field effect transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to construct a working device at that time. The first device practically implemented was a contact point transistor invented in 1947 by the American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley. The transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for cheaper radios, calculators and computers, among other things. The transistor is on the list of IEEE milestones in electronics, and Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics for their achievement.