03-07-2012, 04:37 PM
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
[attachment=26575]
Introduction
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it.
Random deployment
Cooperative capabilities
Applications of sensor networks
temperature
humidity
vehicular movement
lightning condition
pressure
soil makeup
noise levels
the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects
mechanical stress levels on attached objects
the current characteristics such as speed, direction, and size of an object
Military applications
Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition
Battlefield surveillance
Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
Battle damage assessment
Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance
Environmental applications
Forest fire detection
Flood detection
Precision agriculture
Health applications
Telemonitoring of human physiological data
Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital
Drug administration in hospitals
Home applications
Home automation
Smart environment
Other commercial applications
Environmental control in office buildings
Interactive museums
Managing inventory control
Vehicle tracking and detection
Detecting and monitoring car thefts
Factors influencing sensor network design
Fault tolerance
Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures.
The fault tolerance level depends on the application of the sensor networks.
Production costs
The cost of a single node is very important to justify the overall cost of the networks.
The cost of a sensor node is a very challenging issue given the amount of functionalities with a price of much less than a dollar.
Sensor network topology
Pre-deployment and deployment phase
Post-deployment phase
Re-deployment of additional nodes phase
Environment
Busy intersections
Interior of a large machinery
Bottom of an ocean
Inside a twister
Surface of an ocean during a tornado
Biologically or chemically contaminated field
Battlefield beyond the enemy lines
Home or a large building
Large warehouse
Animals
Fast moving vehicles
Drain or river moving with current.
Transmission media
In a sensor network, communicating nodes are linked by a wireless medium. To enable global operation, the chosen transmission medium must be available worldwide.
Radio
infrared
optical media
Power consumption
Sensing
Communication
Data processing
Communication architecture of sensor networks
Application layer
The three possible application layer protocols are -
Sensor management protocol (SMP)
Task assignment and data advertisement protocol (TADAP)
Sensor query and data dissemination protocol (SQDDP)
Transport layer
This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through Internet or other external networks.
No attempt thus far to propose a scheme or to discuss the issues related to the transport layer of a sensor network in literature.
Network layer
Power efficiency is always an important consideration.
Data aggregation is useful only when it does not hinder the collaborative effort of the sensor nodes.
An ideal sensor network has attribute-based addressing and location awareness.
Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for the medium access and error control. It ensures reliable point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections in a communication network.
Medium access control
Creation of the network infrastructure
Fairly and efficiently share communication resources between sensor nodes
Power saving modes of operation
Operation in a power saving mode is energy efficient only if the time spent in that mode is greater than a certain threshold.
Error control
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ).
Simple error control codes with low-complexity encoding and decoding might present the best solutions for sensor networks.
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for frequency selection, frequency generation, signal detection, modulation and data encryption.
Conclusion
Flexibility and fault tolerance create exciting new applications for remote sensing
In future the wide range of applications will make sensor networks an integral part of our lives
[attachment=26575]
Introduction
A sensor network is composed of a large number of sensor nodes, which are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it.
Random deployment
Cooperative capabilities
Applications of sensor networks
temperature
humidity
vehicular movement
lightning condition
pressure
soil makeup
noise levels
the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects
mechanical stress levels on attached objects
the current characteristics such as speed, direction, and size of an object
Military applications
Monitoring friendly forces, equipment and ammunition
Battlefield surveillance
Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain
Battle damage assessment
Nuclear, biological and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance
Environmental applications
Forest fire detection
Flood detection
Precision agriculture
Health applications
Telemonitoring of human physiological data
Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital
Drug administration in hospitals
Home applications
Home automation
Smart environment
Other commercial applications
Environmental control in office buildings
Interactive museums
Managing inventory control
Vehicle tracking and detection
Detecting and monitoring car thefts
Factors influencing sensor network design
Fault tolerance
Fault tolerance is the ability to sustain sensor network functionalities without any interruption due to sensor node failures.
The fault tolerance level depends on the application of the sensor networks.
Production costs
The cost of a single node is very important to justify the overall cost of the networks.
The cost of a sensor node is a very challenging issue given the amount of functionalities with a price of much less than a dollar.
Sensor network topology
Pre-deployment and deployment phase
Post-deployment phase
Re-deployment of additional nodes phase
Environment
Busy intersections
Interior of a large machinery
Bottom of an ocean
Inside a twister
Surface of an ocean during a tornado
Biologically or chemically contaminated field
Battlefield beyond the enemy lines
Home or a large building
Large warehouse
Animals
Fast moving vehicles
Drain or river moving with current.
Transmission media
In a sensor network, communicating nodes are linked by a wireless medium. To enable global operation, the chosen transmission medium must be available worldwide.
Radio
infrared
optical media
Power consumption
Sensing
Communication
Data processing
Communication architecture of sensor networks
Application layer
The three possible application layer protocols are -
Sensor management protocol (SMP)
Task assignment and data advertisement protocol (TADAP)
Sensor query and data dissemination protocol (SQDDP)
Transport layer
This layer is especially needed when the system is planned to be accessed through Internet or other external networks.
No attempt thus far to propose a scheme or to discuss the issues related to the transport layer of a sensor network in literature.
Network layer
Power efficiency is always an important consideration.
Data aggregation is useful only when it does not hinder the collaborative effort of the sensor nodes.
An ideal sensor network has attribute-based addressing and location awareness.
Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for the medium access and error control. It ensures reliable point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections in a communication network.
Medium access control
Creation of the network infrastructure
Fairly and efficiently share communication resources between sensor nodes
Power saving modes of operation
Operation in a power saving mode is energy efficient only if the time spent in that mode is greater than a certain threshold.
Error control
Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ).
Simple error control codes with low-complexity encoding and decoding might present the best solutions for sensor networks.
Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for frequency selection, frequency generation, signal detection, modulation and data encryption.
Conclusion
Flexibility and fault tolerance create exciting new applications for remote sensing
In future the wide range of applications will make sensor networks an integral part of our lives