16-07-2012, 02:50 PM
NETWORKING
[attachment=27746]
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS NETWORKING?
A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate. Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies.
While most people learning about networking focus on the interconnection of PCs and other “true” computers, you use various types of networks every day. Each time you pick up a phone, use a credit card at a store, get cash from an ATM machine, or even plug in an electrical appliance, you are using some type of network.
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
Department of Defense Model (DoD Model).The DoD model is composed of four layers:
• Process/Application layer
• Host-to-Host layer
• Internet layer
• Network Access layer
Process/Application layer
• It integrates various activities and duties spanning the focus of OSI’s corresponding top three layers
• Defines protocols for node-to-node application communication
IP Addressing
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network. An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in. Before we get into the more complicated aspects of IP addressing, you need to understand some of the basics. First I’m going to explain some of the fundamentals of IP addressing and its terminology nology. Then you’ll learn about the hierarchical IP addressing scheme and private IP addresses.
Class A Addresses
In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to the network address and the three remaining bytes are used for the node addresses. The Class A format is as follows:
network.node.node.node
For example, in the IP address 49.22.102.70, the 49 is the network address and 22.102.70 is the node address. Every machine on this particular network would have the distinctive network address of 49.
Class A Valid Host IDs
All host bits off is the network address: 10.0.0.0.
All host bits on is the broadcast address: 10.255.255.255.
The valid hosts are the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address: 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254. Notice that 0s and 255s can be valid host IDs. All you need to remember when trying to find valid host addresses is that the host bits can’t all be turned off or all be on at the same time.
[attachment=27746]
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS NETWORKING?
A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate. Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies.
While most people learning about networking focus on the interconnection of PCs and other “true” computers, you use various types of networks every day. Each time you pick up a phone, use a credit card at a store, get cash from an ATM machine, or even plug in an electrical appliance, you are using some type of network.
INTRODUCTION TO TCP/IP
Department of Defense Model (DoD Model).The DoD model is composed of four layers:
• Process/Application layer
• Host-to-Host layer
• Internet layer
• Network Access layer
Process/Application layer
• It integrates various activities and duties spanning the focus of OSI’s corresponding top three layers
• Defines protocols for node-to-node application communication
IP Addressing
An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network. An IP address is a software address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in. Before we get into the more complicated aspects of IP addressing, you need to understand some of the basics. First I’m going to explain some of the fundamentals of IP addressing and its terminology nology. Then you’ll learn about the hierarchical IP addressing scheme and private IP addresses.
Class A Addresses
In a Class A network address, the first byte is assigned to the network address and the three remaining bytes are used for the node addresses. The Class A format is as follows:
network.node.node.node
For example, in the IP address 49.22.102.70, the 49 is the network address and 22.102.70 is the node address. Every machine on this particular network would have the distinctive network address of 49.
Class A Valid Host IDs
All host bits off is the network address: 10.0.0.0.
All host bits on is the broadcast address: 10.255.255.255.
The valid hosts are the numbers in between the network address and the broadcast address: 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254. Notice that 0s and 255s can be valid host IDs. All you need to remember when trying to find valid host addresses is that the host bits can’t all be turned off or all be on at the same time.