25-07-2012, 11:49 AM
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
[attachment=28834]
INTRODUCTION
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IS:
Removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir through physical, chemical or biological processes, such as photosynthesis is called carbon sequestration.
It may also be used to refer to the process
of carbon capture and storage.
AIM
To slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels.
The process is based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, and storing it in such a way that it does not enter the atmosphere.
Thus it controls global warming.
Point sources to capture co2
Fossil fuels.
Industries with major carbon dioxide emission.
Fossil fuel based hydrogen production plants.
Plants producing ethanol.
Biomass energies facilities.
Synthetic fuel plants.
Norway's Sleipner gas field is the oldest
plant that stores CO2 on an industrial scale.
Carbon capture and sequestration flow chart
Carbon capture and sequestration, or CCS, involves the capture of CO2 from power plants and other large industrial sources, its transportation to suitable locations, and injection into deep underground geological formations for long-term sequestration. CCS offers a way to greatly reduce carbon emissions from electricity generation as we simultaneously expand renewable energy capacity and increase energy efficiency.
TRANSPORTATION
This is done by pipeline.
It is the cheapest form of tansportation.
Injected into older fields to extract oil.
Ship is also utilised for transportation.
STORAGE
Liquid storage in the Ocean.
Gaseous storage in Geological form.
Solid storage by reaction of CO2 with metal oxides.
LIQUID STORAGE
Dissolution injects CO2 by ship or pipeline into the water column at depths of 1000 m or more, and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.
Lake deposits, where CO2 directly onto the sea floor at depths greater than 3000m. Here CO2 is denser than water and is expected to form a lake that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the environment.
The environmental effects of oceanic storage are generally negative, and poorly understood.
Acidity increases, kills ocean animals.
GASEOUS STORAGE
It involves injecting CO2 in underground geological form.
Declining oil fields.
CO2 attach to surface of coal.
It is prevented from escaping through mechanism (physical and geochemical).
Example: Unmineable coal, Oil fields, gas fields, saline formation.
SOLID STORAGE
CO2 is exothermically reacted with available metal oxides, which in turn produces stable carbonates. This process occurs naturally over many years and is responsible for a great amount of surface limestone.
Reaction can be made faster.
Pretreatment.
LEAKAGE
Some leakage can occur upwards through the soil.
Leakage through the injection pipe is a greater risk.
The pipe itself could tear and leak due to the pressure.
Mineral storage is not regarded as having any risks of leakage.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
It proves to be one of the most cost-effective solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
It allows the use of the low-cost, abundant fossil energy sources that are also the main sources of GHGs.
These fossil energy sources account for about 86 to 88 percent of U.S. and world energy consumption today
BENEFITS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
Another benefit of carbon capture and sequestration is the potential for combining geological sequestration with enhanced resource recovery. Injecting CO2 into aging oilfields boosts recovery of crude oil by reducing the oil’s viscosity and sweeping it toward a producing well.
CONCLUSION
Modern levels of energy and materials consumption are having a destabilizing influence on the world's atmosphere.
In the face of the increasing use of low cost fossil fuels, all sectors of the global economy have engaged in carbon management.
If these increases continue, annual greenhouse gas emissions are projected to more than double by 2050.
Therefore, carbon sequestration is an important step to cope with this problem.
[attachment=28834]
INTRODUCTION
CARBON SEQUESTRATION IS:
Removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir through physical, chemical or biological processes, such as photosynthesis is called carbon sequestration.
It may also be used to refer to the process
of carbon capture and storage.
AIM
To slow the atmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which are released by burning fossil fuels.
The process is based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, and storing it in such a way that it does not enter the atmosphere.
Thus it controls global warming.
Point sources to capture co2
Fossil fuels.
Industries with major carbon dioxide emission.
Fossil fuel based hydrogen production plants.
Plants producing ethanol.
Biomass energies facilities.
Synthetic fuel plants.
Norway's Sleipner gas field is the oldest
plant that stores CO2 on an industrial scale.
Carbon capture and sequestration flow chart
Carbon capture and sequestration, or CCS, involves the capture of CO2 from power plants and other large industrial sources, its transportation to suitable locations, and injection into deep underground geological formations for long-term sequestration. CCS offers a way to greatly reduce carbon emissions from electricity generation as we simultaneously expand renewable energy capacity and increase energy efficiency.
TRANSPORTATION
This is done by pipeline.
It is the cheapest form of tansportation.
Injected into older fields to extract oil.
Ship is also utilised for transportation.
STORAGE
Liquid storage in the Ocean.
Gaseous storage in Geological form.
Solid storage by reaction of CO2 with metal oxides.
LIQUID STORAGE
Dissolution injects CO2 by ship or pipeline into the water column at depths of 1000 m or more, and the CO2 subsequently dissolves.
Lake deposits, where CO2 directly onto the sea floor at depths greater than 3000m. Here CO2 is denser than water and is expected to form a lake that would delay dissolution of CO2 into the environment.
The environmental effects of oceanic storage are generally negative, and poorly understood.
Acidity increases, kills ocean animals.
GASEOUS STORAGE
It involves injecting CO2 in underground geological form.
Declining oil fields.
CO2 attach to surface of coal.
It is prevented from escaping through mechanism (physical and geochemical).
Example: Unmineable coal, Oil fields, gas fields, saline formation.
SOLID STORAGE
CO2 is exothermically reacted with available metal oxides, which in turn produces stable carbonates. This process occurs naturally over many years and is responsible for a great amount of surface limestone.
Reaction can be made faster.
Pretreatment.
LEAKAGE
Some leakage can occur upwards through the soil.
Leakage through the injection pipe is a greater risk.
The pipe itself could tear and leak due to the pressure.
Mineral storage is not regarded as having any risks of leakage.
COSTS AND BENEFITS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
It proves to be one of the most cost-effective solution to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
It allows the use of the low-cost, abundant fossil energy sources that are also the main sources of GHGs.
These fossil energy sources account for about 86 to 88 percent of U.S. and world energy consumption today
BENEFITS OF CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION
Another benefit of carbon capture and sequestration is the potential for combining geological sequestration with enhanced resource recovery. Injecting CO2 into aging oilfields boosts recovery of crude oil by reducing the oil’s viscosity and sweeping it toward a producing well.
CONCLUSION
Modern levels of energy and materials consumption are having a destabilizing influence on the world's atmosphere.
In the face of the increasing use of low cost fossil fuels, all sectors of the global economy have engaged in carbon management.
If these increases continue, annual greenhouse gas emissions are projected to more than double by 2050.
Therefore, carbon sequestration is an important step to cope with this problem.