31-07-2012, 12:26 PM
5G TECHNOLOGY
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1. INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY
We are living in era of convergence. Convergence is merging of technologies, domain and discrete IT systems. Basic of convergence lies in Digitization. The digitization of everything iscreating a more natural communications experience. Boundaries separating various technologies, engineering practices, functions etc. are dissolving. So tomorrow, our car, our mobile phone, our home security system, our office, all the systems that surround us, will communicate with each other automatically to fill our environment with our preferences and our need to feel connected anywhere, anytime and with anyone, across the world. This is called Ubiquitous Computing paradigm.Wireless technologies are going to take taking new dimension in our lives. The wirelessbroadband will soon become readily available to everybody while, being at home, driving the car, sitting in the park, and even on a pleasure boat in the middle of a lake. And because of this, our need to have information at anytime and to be connected at all places, all the time, will be satisfied.The world of universal, uninterrupted access to information, entertainment and communication will open new dimension to our lives and change our life style significantly.[1]
2. NEED FOR 5G TECHNOLOGY
The 4G mobile system is an all IP-based network systemThe features of 4G may be summarized with one word—integration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integratingdifferent technologies and networks to satisfy increasinguser demands. 4G technologies shall combine differentcurrent existing and future wireless network technologies(e.g. IPv6, OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-LMDS) to ensure freedom of movement and seamless roamfrom one technology to another. These will providemultimedia applications to a mobile user by differenttechnologies through a continuous and always bestconnection possible. 4G networks are integrated with onecore network and several radio access networks. A coreinterface is used for communication with the core networkand radio access networks, and a collection of radiointerfaces is used for communication with the radio accessnetworks and mobile users. This kind of integrationcombines multiple radio access interfaces into a singlenetwork to provide seamless roaming/ handoff and the bestconnected services.The main distinguishing factor between 3G and 4G is thedata rates. 4G can support at least 100Mbps peak rates infull-mobility wide area coverage and 1Gbps in low-mobilitylocal area coverage. The speeds of 3G can be up to 2Mbps,which is much lower than the speeds of 4G. However, 4Gstandard will base on broadband IP-based entirely applyingpacket switching method of transmission with seamlesslyaccess convergence. It means that 4G integrated all accesstechnologies, services and applications can unlimitedly berun through wireless backbone over wire-line backboneusing IP address. But 5G will bring us perfect real worldwireless or called “WW:” World Wide Wireless Web”[3]
3.WHAT CAN BE 5G?
An old man’s phone detects that it hasn’t moved for morethan 2 hours during the man’s regular waking hours. It issuesan audible alarm, but no response! So it emits a signal thattriggers a RFID chip implanted inside his body. The RFIDchip responds by verifying the identity of the man and also abrief burst of telemetry that indicates that he is experiencingheart beat irregularities and his blood pressure isdangerously low. The phone quickly sends an automated textmessage to a medical alarm system, including not only theidentity and the health data of the owner but also the fact thatthe man is not in his own apartment but in a reading room ofa library. This is what I think of a “Fifth Generation” world,also sometimes referred as the 5G world.The development of the mobile phone device as aubiquitous part of daily work and personal life presents theopportunity to examine how technology drivers are pushingfor the integration of real life with mobile technology infuture. A few years ago, this kind of scenario would havesounded mindless, but right now it just looks like the nextadvance in present mobile technology. Our perception aboutwhat new technology is to come has changed from beingcalled “science fiction” to just being addressed as “not yetinvented”. At the data transfer rates of the earliest cellularphones on the so-called 1G network, our “e-Bible” could bedownloaded in about 1.75 hours, although no mobile deviceat that time could display or even store that amount of data.On a present day 3G mobile network, the download timedrops to approximately 6 seconds. On a 4G network, thattime drops to 0.06 seconds. What could be the data rates anddownload speeds that we can expect for a 5G technology which is still in the phase of conceptualization?[5]
4. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G
The first generation of mobile phones was analog systems that emerged in the early 1980s [5]. The second generation of digital mobile phones appeared in 1990s along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth in terms of both subscribers and value-added services. Second generation networks allow limited data support in the range of 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps. Traditional phone networks are used mainly for voice transmission, and are essentially circuit-switched networks.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efficiently. In this system, each user’s packets compete for available bandwidth, and users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
3G networks were proposed to eliminate many problems faced by 2G and 2.5G networks, especially the low speeds and incompatible technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) [5] and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [6] in different countries. Expectations for 3G included increased bandwidth; 128 Kbps for mobile stations, and 2 Mbps for fixed applications [7]. In theory, 3G should work over North American as well as European and Asian wireless air interfaces. In reality, the outlook for 3G is not very certain. Part of the problem is that network providers in Europe and North America currently maintain separate standards’ bodies (3GPP for Europe and Asia; 3GPP2 for North America). The standards’ bodies have not resolved the differences in amany countries 3G will never be deployed due to its cost and poor performance. Although it is possible that some of the weaknesses at physical layer will still exist in 4G systems, an integration of services at the upper layer is expected.[2]
The evolution of mobile networks is strongly influenced by business challenges and the direction mobile system industry takes. It also relates to the radio access spectrum and the control restrictions over it that varies from country to country. However, as major technical advances are being standardized it becomes more complex for industry alone to choose a suitable evolutionary path. Many mobile system standards for Wide Area Networks (WANs) already exists including the popular ones such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS), CDMA,
1G:
The first generation, 1G wireless mobile communication systems, was introduced in the early 1980s and completed in the early 1990s. 1G was analog and
supported the first generation of analog cell phones with the speeds up to 2.4kbps. The
prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system (TACS)
2G:
The second generation, 2G system, fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late 1990s, was planned mainly for voice transmission with digital signal and the speeds up to 64kbps. GSM and CDMA IS 95 were prominent technologies.
2.5G
2.5G is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. 2.5 G can provide data rate, up to 144 kbps. GPRS, EDGE and CDMA 2000 were 2.5 technologies.
3G:
The third generation, 3G wireless system, was developed in the late 1990s and might be well-
done in the late 2000s. 3G is not only provided the transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps, but also included many services, such as global roaming, superior voice quality and data always add-on. UMTS, CDMA Evdo, HSPA are 3G technologies.
4G:
The fourth generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up to 200MBPS LTE is considered as 4G technology.
[attachment=29665]
1. INTRODUCTION TO 5G TECHNOLOGY
We are living in era of convergence. Convergence is merging of technologies, domain and discrete IT systems. Basic of convergence lies in Digitization. The digitization of everything iscreating a more natural communications experience. Boundaries separating various technologies, engineering practices, functions etc. are dissolving. So tomorrow, our car, our mobile phone, our home security system, our office, all the systems that surround us, will communicate with each other automatically to fill our environment with our preferences and our need to feel connected anywhere, anytime and with anyone, across the world. This is called Ubiquitous Computing paradigm.Wireless technologies are going to take taking new dimension in our lives. The wirelessbroadband will soon become readily available to everybody while, being at home, driving the car, sitting in the park, and even on a pleasure boat in the middle of a lake. And because of this, our need to have information at anytime and to be connected at all places, all the time, will be satisfied.The world of universal, uninterrupted access to information, entertainment and communication will open new dimension to our lives and change our life style significantly.[1]
2. NEED FOR 5G TECHNOLOGY
The 4G mobile system is an all IP-based network systemThe features of 4G may be summarized with one word—integration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integratingdifferent technologies and networks to satisfy increasinguser demands. 4G technologies shall combine differentcurrent existing and future wireless network technologies(e.g. IPv6, OFDM, MC-CDMA, LAS-CDMA and Network-LMDS) to ensure freedom of movement and seamless roamfrom one technology to another. These will providemultimedia applications to a mobile user by differenttechnologies through a continuous and always bestconnection possible. 4G networks are integrated with onecore network and several radio access networks. A coreinterface is used for communication with the core networkand radio access networks, and a collection of radiointerfaces is used for communication with the radio accessnetworks and mobile users. This kind of integrationcombines multiple radio access interfaces into a singlenetwork to provide seamless roaming/ handoff and the bestconnected services.The main distinguishing factor between 3G and 4G is thedata rates. 4G can support at least 100Mbps peak rates infull-mobility wide area coverage and 1Gbps in low-mobilitylocal area coverage. The speeds of 3G can be up to 2Mbps,which is much lower than the speeds of 4G. However, 4Gstandard will base on broadband IP-based entirely applyingpacket switching method of transmission with seamlesslyaccess convergence. It means that 4G integrated all accesstechnologies, services and applications can unlimitedly berun through wireless backbone over wire-line backboneusing IP address. But 5G will bring us perfect real worldwireless or called “WW:” World Wide Wireless Web”[3]
3.WHAT CAN BE 5G?
An old man’s phone detects that it hasn’t moved for morethan 2 hours during the man’s regular waking hours. It issuesan audible alarm, but no response! So it emits a signal thattriggers a RFID chip implanted inside his body. The RFIDchip responds by verifying the identity of the man and also abrief burst of telemetry that indicates that he is experiencingheart beat irregularities and his blood pressure isdangerously low. The phone quickly sends an automated textmessage to a medical alarm system, including not only theidentity and the health data of the owner but also the fact thatthe man is not in his own apartment but in a reading room ofa library. This is what I think of a “Fifth Generation” world,also sometimes referred as the 5G world.The development of the mobile phone device as aubiquitous part of daily work and personal life presents theopportunity to examine how technology drivers are pushingfor the integration of real life with mobile technology infuture. A few years ago, this kind of scenario would havesounded mindless, but right now it just looks like the nextadvance in present mobile technology. Our perception aboutwhat new technology is to come has changed from beingcalled “science fiction” to just being addressed as “not yetinvented”. At the data transfer rates of the earliest cellularphones on the so-called 1G network, our “e-Bible” could bedownloaded in about 1.75 hours, although no mobile deviceat that time could display or even store that amount of data.On a present day 3G mobile network, the download timedrops to approximately 6 seconds. On a 4G network, thattime drops to 0.06 seconds. What could be the data rates anddownload speeds that we can expect for a 5G technology which is still in the phase of conceptualization?[5]
4. EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 5G
The first generation of mobile phones was analog systems that emerged in the early 1980s [5]. The second generation of digital mobile phones appeared in 1990s along with the first digital mobile networks. During the second generation, the mobile telecommunications industry experienced exponential growth in terms of both subscribers and value-added services. Second generation networks allow limited data support in the range of 9.6 kbps to 19.2 kbps. Traditional phone networks are used mainly for voice transmission, and are essentially circuit-switched networks.
2.5G networks, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), are an extension of 2G networks, in that they use circuit switching for voice and packet switching for data transmission resulting in its popularity since packet switching utilizes bandwidth much more efficiently. In this system, each user’s packets compete for available bandwidth, and users are billed only for the amount of data transmitted.
3G networks were proposed to eliminate many problems faced by 2G and 2.5G networks, especially the low speeds and incompatible technologies such as Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) [5] and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) [6] in different countries. Expectations for 3G included increased bandwidth; 128 Kbps for mobile stations, and 2 Mbps for fixed applications [7]. In theory, 3G should work over North American as well as European and Asian wireless air interfaces. In reality, the outlook for 3G is not very certain. Part of the problem is that network providers in Europe and North America currently maintain separate standards’ bodies (3GPP for Europe and Asia; 3GPP2 for North America). The standards’ bodies have not resolved the differences in amany countries 3G will never be deployed due to its cost and poor performance. Although it is possible that some of the weaknesses at physical layer will still exist in 4G systems, an integration of services at the upper layer is expected.[2]
The evolution of mobile networks is strongly influenced by business challenges and the direction mobile system industry takes. It also relates to the radio access spectrum and the control restrictions over it that varies from country to country. However, as major technical advances are being standardized it becomes more complex for industry alone to choose a suitable evolutionary path. Many mobile system standards for Wide Area Networks (WANs) already exists including the popular ones such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems (UMTS), CDMA,
1G:
The first generation, 1G wireless mobile communication systems, was introduced in the early 1980s and completed in the early 1990s. 1G was analog and
supported the first generation of analog cell phones with the speeds up to 2.4kbps. The
prominent ones among 1G system were advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), Nordic mobile telephone (NMT), and total access communication system (TACS)
2G:
The second generation, 2G system, fielded in the late 1980s and finished in the late 1990s, was planned mainly for voice transmission with digital signal and the speeds up to 64kbps. GSM and CDMA IS 95 were prominent technologies.
2.5G
2.5G is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. 2.5 G can provide data rate, up to 144 kbps. GPRS, EDGE and CDMA 2000 were 2.5 technologies.
3G:
The third generation, 3G wireless system, was developed in the late 1990s and might be well-
done in the late 2000s. 3G is not only provided the transmission speeds from 125kbps to 2Mbps, but also included many services, such as global roaming, superior voice quality and data always add-on. UMTS, CDMA Evdo, HSPA are 3G technologies.
4G:
The fourth generation (4G) is a conceptual framework and a discussion point to address future needs of a high speed wireless network that can transmit multimedia and data to and interface with wire-line backbone network perfectly just raised in 2002. The speeds of 4G can theoretically be promised up to 200MBPS LTE is considered as 4G technology.