03-08-2012, 03:44 PM
4TH GENERATION SYSTEMS
[attachment=30093]
Introduction
Consumers demand more from their technology.
Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the
latest technology purchase must have new features. With the
advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better,
faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on
top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging,
stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones.
But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice
customers to buy new phones with photo and even video
capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time
when access to all necessary information the power of a
personal computer , sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support
such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed
wireless connectivity.
A number of technologies currently exist to provide
users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth
and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very
high speed network connections over short distances,
typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers
seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks.
The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which
for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourthgeneration
wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist,
nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization.
Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized
throughout the world due to its enticing advantages to both
users and providers.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile
communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining
problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a
wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to highdefinition
video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term
4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless access communication systems, not only cellular
telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is
MAGIC—Mobile multimedia communication, Anytime
anywhere with anyone, Global mobility support, Integrated
wireless solution, and Customized personal service. As a
promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband
wireless access systems have been attracting much interest
in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only
will support the next generation of mobile service, but also
will support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents
an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and
integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G
systems might be summarized with one word—integration.
The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals,
networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user
demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication
and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth
in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access,
mobile services, and applications.
History
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G
(first generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this
section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone
technologies. This process began with the designs in the
1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems
were implemented based on analog technology and the basic
cellular structure of mobile communication. Many
fundamental problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in
service around the world during the 1980s. The 2G (second
generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used
mainly for voice applications but were based on digital
technology, including digital signal processing techniques.
These 2G systems provided circuit – switched data
communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush
to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety
of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global
system mobile), mainly in Europe: TDMA (time division
multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S,; PDC (personal
digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple
access) (IS-95) another U.S. system. These systems operate
nationwide or internationally and are today’s mainstream
systems, although the data rate for users in these system is
very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to
define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate
previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as
well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps.
Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their
differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two
mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of
implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is being
taken between 2G and 3G. It is basically an enhancement of
the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity
on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce
higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very
important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are
optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the
Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA
(personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand
for higher access speed multimedia communication in today’s
society, which greatly depends on computer communication
in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical
indication of a generation revolution occurring once in a
decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the
research on a 4G mobile communication system.
[attachment=30093]
Introduction
Consumers demand more from their technology.
Whether it be a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the
latest technology purchase must have new features. With the
advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is better,
faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on
top of their basic bills for such features as instant messaging,
stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones.
But that is far from the limit of features; manufacturers entice
customers to buy new phones with photo and even video
capability. It is no longer a quantum leap to envision a time
when access to all necessary information the power of a
personal computer , sits in the palm of one’s hand. To support
such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed
wireless connectivity.
A number of technologies currently exist to provide
users with high-speed digital wireless connectivity; Bluetooth
and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very
high speed network connections over short distances,
typically in the tens of meters. Meanwhile, cellular providers
seek to increase speed on their long-range wireless networks.
The goal is the same: long-range, high-speed wireless, which
for the purposes of this report will be called 4G, for fourthgeneration
wireless system. Such a system does not yet exist,
nor will it exist in today’s market without standardization.
Fourth-generation wireless needs to be standardized
throughout the world due to its enticing advantages to both
users and providers.
The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile
communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining
problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a
wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to highdefinition
video to high-data-rate wireless channels. The term
4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless access communication systems, not only cellular
telephone systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is
MAGIC—Mobile multimedia communication, Anytime
anywhere with anyone, Global mobility support, Integrated
wireless solution, and Customized personal service. As a
promise for the future, 4G systems, that is, cellular broadband
wireless access systems have been attracting much interest
in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only
will support the next generation of mobile service, but also
will support the fixed wireless networks. This paper presents
an overall vision of the 4G features, framework, and
integration of mobile communication. The features of 4G
systems might be summarized with one word—integration.
The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals,
networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user
demands. The continuous expansion of mobile communication
and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth
in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless network access,
mobile services, and applications.
History
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G
(first generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this
section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone
technologies. This process began with the designs in the
1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems
were implemented based on analog technology and the basic
cellular structure of mobile communication. Many
fundamental problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in
service around the world during the 1980s. The 2G (second
generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used
mainly for voice applications but were based on digital
technology, including digital signal processing techniques.
These 2G systems provided circuit – switched data
communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush
to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety
of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global
system mobile), mainly in Europe: TDMA (time division
multiple access) (IS-54/IS-136) in the U.S,; PDC (personal
digital cellular) in Japan; and CDMA (code division multiple
access) (IS-95) another U.S. system. These systems operate
nationwide or internationally and are today’s mainstream
systems, although the data rate for users in these system is
very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to
define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate
previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as
well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps.
Unfortunately, the two groups could not reconcile their
differences, and this decade will see the introduction of two
mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the verge of
implementing a third 3G system. An interim step is being
taken between 2G and 3G. It is basically an enhancement of
the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity
on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce
higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very
important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are
optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the
Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA
(personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand
for higher access speed multimedia communication in today’s
society, which greatly depends on computer communication
in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical
indication of a generation revolution occurring once in a
decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the
research on a 4G mobile communication system.