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A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, which combines a biological component with a physical-chemical detector. The biologically sensitive element (eg, tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.) is a biologically derived material or a biomimetic component that interacts (binds or recognizes) with the analyte under study. Biologically sensitive elements can also be created by biological engineering. The transducer or detector element (working physico-chemical, optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal (ie, transduce) that can be measured more easily and quantified. The biosensor reader device with associated electronics or signal processors are primarily responsible for displaying the results in an easy to use manner. This sometimes represents the most expensive part of the sensor device, however it is possible to generate a friendly screen that includes transducer and sensitive element (holographic sensor). Readers are usually designed and manufactured to fit the different working principles of biosensors.

A biosensor typically consists of a bio-recognition site, a biotransducer component and an electronic system including a signal amplifier, a processor and a display. Transducers and electronics can be combined, for example, in CMOS-based microsensor systems. The recognition component, often called a bioreactor, uses biomolecules of organisms or receptors modeled after biological systems to interact with the analyte of interest. This interaction is measured by the biotransducer which emits a measurable signal proportional to the presence of the target analyte in the sample. The general objective of a biosensor design is to allow a quick and convenient test at the point of concern or care where the sample was obtained.