13-09-2012, 05:19 PM
3G/4G/ Next Generation Mobile Technology
[attachment=33749]
Introduction
In a world of fast changing technology, there is a rising requirement for people to communicate and get connected with each other and have appropriate and timely access to information regardless of the location of the each individuals or the information. The increasing demands and requirements for wireless communication systems ubiquity have led to the need for a better understanding of fundamental issues in communication theory and electromagnetic and their implications for the design of highly-capable wireless systems. In continuous development of mobile environments, the major service providers in the wireless market kept on monitoring the growths of 4th generation (4G) mobile technology. 2G and 3G are well-established as the mainstream mobile technology around the world. 3G is stumbling to obtain market share for a different reasons and 4G is achieving some confidence.
History/Background:
After going through the era of 1G & 2G from the early 1900s to 2000, 3G first came onto the scene in the year 2001. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). In March the first European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison
group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. By the end of 2007 there were 295 Million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these are on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Earlier in the decade there were doubts about whether 3G might happen, and also whether 3G might become a commercial success. By the end of 2007 it had become clear that 3G was a reality and was clearly on the path to become a profitable venture.
System/Protocol architecture
The design rationale presented in the previous section leads naturally to an XG architecture, depicted schematically in Figure 2. It consists of four main abstract layers: overlay, control, core, and access. This section summarizes the main features of this architecture, along with a few details.
The XG architecture contains a core IP network that has relatively little intelligence. Thus, most core network functions, such as routing, are handled by existing and evolving IP technology. Above the core is what we call a high-level control layer. It is important to specify not only what
this layer does but what it does not do. In particular, it does not provide functions for routing or call path setup, unlike the control layer of SS7 in the PSTN, but leaves that to the core. Instead, it focuses on functions that can be made available to applications and overlay network elements, such as access to decision points for AAA, agents for mobility management, and role and rule assignment for policy management. The loose coupling between the control and the core means that the former generally cannot be involved in the fast path of packet forwarding and manipulation.
[attachment=33749]
Introduction
In a world of fast changing technology, there is a rising requirement for people to communicate and get connected with each other and have appropriate and timely access to information regardless of the location of the each individuals or the information. The increasing demands and requirements for wireless communication systems ubiquity have led to the need for a better understanding of fundamental issues in communication theory and electromagnetic and their implications for the design of highly-capable wireless systems. In continuous development of mobile environments, the major service providers in the wireless market kept on monitoring the growths of 4th generation (4G) mobile technology. 2G and 3G are well-established as the mainstream mobile technology around the world. 3G is stumbling to obtain market share for a different reasons and 4G is achieving some confidence.
History/Background:
After going through the era of 1G & 2G from the early 1900s to 2000, 3G first came onto the scene in the year 2001. The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). In March the first European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison
group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard. By the end of 2007 there were 295 Million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these are on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over 120 Billion dollars of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation. Earlier in the decade there were doubts about whether 3G might happen, and also whether 3G might become a commercial success. By the end of 2007 it had become clear that 3G was a reality and was clearly on the path to become a profitable venture.
System/Protocol architecture
The design rationale presented in the previous section leads naturally to an XG architecture, depicted schematically in Figure 2. It consists of four main abstract layers: overlay, control, core, and access. This section summarizes the main features of this architecture, along with a few details.
The XG architecture contains a core IP network that has relatively little intelligence. Thus, most core network functions, such as routing, are handled by existing and evolving IP technology. Above the core is what we call a high-level control layer. It is important to specify not only what
this layer does but what it does not do. In particular, it does not provide functions for routing or call path setup, unlike the control layer of SS7 in the PSTN, but leaves that to the core. Instead, it focuses on functions that can be made available to applications and overlay network elements, such as access to decision points for AAA, agents for mobility management, and role and rule assignment for policy management. The loose coupling between the control and the core means that the former generally cannot be involved in the fast path of packet forwarding and manipulation.