08-10-2012, 05:53 PM
Alcohol
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In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxy functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms.[1]
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
Other alcohols are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol) orwood alcohol (methyl alcohol, or methanol). The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority; in substances where a higher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy- will appear in the IUPAC name. The suffix -ol in non-systematic names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group and, so, can be termed an alcohol. But many substances, particularly sugars (examples glucose and sucrose) contain hydroxyl functional groups without using the suffix.
Rum
Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane by-products such as molasses, or directly from sugarcane juice, by a process offermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak barrels. Rum can be referred to by descriptors such as "ron viejo" ("old rum") and "ron añejo" ("aged rum").
Whisky
Whisky (Scottish) or whiskey (Irish English and American English[1]) is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Different grains are used for different varieties, includingbarley, malted barley, rye, malted rye, wheat, and corn. Whisky is aged in wooden casks, made generally of charred white oak. But corn whiskey made in the U.S. need not be aged.
General:
Alcohol is a depressant, which slows down the central nervous system and can cause drowsiness, relieve pain and induce sleep.
- Drinker experiences mild euphoria and loss of inhibition as alcohol impairs region of the brain controlling behavior and emotions. Alcohol impairs behavior, judgment, memory, concentration and coordination (shortened attention span, impaired problem solving abilities), as well as inducing extreme mood swings and emotional outbursts.
- Alcohol acts as a sedative on the central nervous system, depressing the nerve cells in the brain, dulling, altering and damaging their ability to respond appropriately. Large doses cause sleep, anesthesia, respiratory failure, coma and death.
- Impaired or distorted visual ability and hearing (affects ability to distinguish between sounds and perceive the direction they are coming from) ; dulled smell and taste (reducing the desire to eat) and loss of pain perception; altered sense of time and space
- Impairs fine motor skills, and slows reactions.
- Numbness and tingling in the arms and legs caused by nerve damage from depletion of thiamine (B vitamin); when severe, can damage other nerve endings, causing staggering, etc. (Wernicke's Encephalopathy).
- Long term drinking may result in permanent brain damage (Korsakoff's Syndrome or 'wet brain'), serious mental disorders, and addiction to alcohol.
Tobacco:
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines.[1] It is most commonly used as a recreational drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, China and the United States.In consumption it most commonly appears in the forms of smoking, chewing, snuffing, or dipping tobacco.
Smoking
Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practised as a route of administration forrecreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs.
Effects
Health risks from smoking begin as soon as the person starts smoking. Beginners often experience shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and phlegm more frequently than non-smokers. Also, the earlier a person starts smoking, there is also a bigger risk of premature death from common smoking-related diseases such as emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease. Adult smokers also put themselves at risk of early onsets of osteoporosis, menopause, and fertility problems.Aside from these major effects, smokers are also at risk of developing mouth ulcers or cancers and dental problems such as teeth discoloration due to tar, gum bleeding and diseases, bad breath, and tooth decay. Smoking also increases the production of acids in the stomach, which often leads to ulcers and heartburn. Tar can also cause cancer of the throat and the esophagus.
[attachment=35707]
In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which the hydroxy functional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom. In particular, this carbon center should be saturated, having single bonds to three other atoms.[1]
An important class of alcohols are the simple acyclic alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH. Of those, ethanol (C2H5OH) is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, and in common speech the word alcohol refers specifically to ethanol.
Other alcohols are usually described with a clarifying adjective, as in isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol) orwood alcohol (methyl alcohol, or methanol). The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority; in substances where a higher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy- will appear in the IUPAC name. The suffix -ol in non-systematic names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group and, so, can be termed an alcohol. But many substances, particularly sugars (examples glucose and sucrose) contain hydroxyl functional groups without using the suffix.
Rum
Rum is a distilled alcoholic beverage made from sugarcane by-products such as molasses, or directly from sugarcane juice, by a process offermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak barrels. Rum can be referred to by descriptors such as "ron viejo" ("old rum") and "ron añejo" ("aged rum").
Whisky
Whisky (Scottish) or whiskey (Irish English and American English[1]) is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Different grains are used for different varieties, includingbarley, malted barley, rye, malted rye, wheat, and corn. Whisky is aged in wooden casks, made generally of charred white oak. But corn whiskey made in the U.S. need not be aged.
General:
Alcohol is a depressant, which slows down the central nervous system and can cause drowsiness, relieve pain and induce sleep.
- Drinker experiences mild euphoria and loss of inhibition as alcohol impairs region of the brain controlling behavior and emotions. Alcohol impairs behavior, judgment, memory, concentration and coordination (shortened attention span, impaired problem solving abilities), as well as inducing extreme mood swings and emotional outbursts.
- Alcohol acts as a sedative on the central nervous system, depressing the nerve cells in the brain, dulling, altering and damaging their ability to respond appropriately. Large doses cause sleep, anesthesia, respiratory failure, coma and death.
- Impaired or distorted visual ability and hearing (affects ability to distinguish between sounds and perceive the direction they are coming from) ; dulled smell and taste (reducing the desire to eat) and loss of pain perception; altered sense of time and space
- Impairs fine motor skills, and slows reactions.
- Numbness and tingling in the arms and legs caused by nerve damage from depletion of thiamine (B vitamin); when severe, can damage other nerve endings, causing staggering, etc. (Wernicke's Encephalopathy).
- Long term drinking may result in permanent brain damage (Korsakoff's Syndrome or 'wet brain'), serious mental disorders, and addiction to alcohol.
Tobacco:
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine tartrate, used in some medicines.[1] It is most commonly used as a recreational drug, and is a valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba, China and the United States.In consumption it most commonly appears in the forms of smoking, chewing, snuffing, or dipping tobacco.
Smoking
Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practised as a route of administration forrecreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs.
Effects
Health risks from smoking begin as soon as the person starts smoking. Beginners often experience shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, and phlegm more frequently than non-smokers. Also, the earlier a person starts smoking, there is also a bigger risk of premature death from common smoking-related diseases such as emphysema, lung cancer, and heart disease. Adult smokers also put themselves at risk of early onsets of osteoporosis, menopause, and fertility problems.Aside from these major effects, smokers are also at risk of developing mouth ulcers or cancers and dental problems such as teeth discoloration due to tar, gum bleeding and diseases, bad breath, and tooth decay. Smoking also increases the production of acids in the stomach, which often leads to ulcers and heartburn. Tar can also cause cancer of the throat and the esophagus.