16-10-2012, 11:14 AM
DESIGN ATM CONTROLLER
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Abstract
The high growth of the semiconductor industry over the past two decades has put Very Large Scale Integration in demand all over the world. The basics of digital logic theory and techniques are easily understood by the design based on VLSI technology. These are the core fundamentals of the fast, high-speed complex digital circuits. The electronic industry has achieved a phenomenon growth over the last few decades, mainly due to the rapid advance in semiconductor technologies and increases the demand in VLSI.
In the growing technological world, people want their work to be very simple in order to save their time. As we know some new technology is becoming popular in banking sector, which is referred as ATMs. It makes the work of people as well as the banking sectors to be easy. ATMs help in providing money to the people nearer to the living area by saving their time so that it becoming very popular.
In this work the development of a Moore machine state diagram of an ATM controller. The developed design will be modeled using Verilog HDL language which is a Hardware Description Language (HDL) used to describe a digital system. The verification of developed model will be made by identifying the suitable test cases in a test bench. The simulation will be carried out using Modelsim tool and the intended functionality can be verified with the help of its simulation results and also it can be synthesized using the Xilinx tool.
Introduction
Automated Teller Machines (ATM) are banking kiosks available to consumers 24X7. These serve as data terminals for convenient money transactions. In these unattended machines, user has to use the ATM card (a card with the account information) and provide the Personal Identification Number (PIN) using a keypad. When the computer verifies the PIN, the customer gets a choice of transactions. Adhering to the instructions and entering proper choices, user can dispense cash, deposit cash, change PIN or just get an information on account balance.
Basically an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is the combination of hardware and software. The hardware used is card swiper, keypad, display, etc. The software such as operating system controls this hardware’s. Now a day’s digital system is entered in replacing the software. After the invention of ATM, different groups design the different parts of the system. But in new generation there are different methods and tools are emerging, which can handle the design of system from system level specification. Security, flexibility and reliability of user’s account get increased due to ATM and it becomes user friendly now. In this chapter architecture of an ATM is designed and the finite state diagram of the system is drawn. The system level analysis is made with the help of FSM of the system.
An automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized electronic device that helps the customers of a financial institution to access the financial transactions in a public place without any help from others. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smartcard with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information, such as an expiration date. Security is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).
ATM Controller Architecture Review
As the t echnology changes attains to its peak, the human needs also been increased to a more modernized level. Here we take up with a concept of ATM controller design. In general the ATM means Automated Teller Machine which makes us to leads the life much faster. We look into the technical aspect of ATM as our review.
History
The ATM was invented by Scot John Shepherd-Barron. The world's first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in the northern London borough of Enfield, Middlesex, in 1967. Inspiration had struck Mr. Shepherd-Barron, now 82, while he was in the bath. A mechanical cash dispenser was developed and built by Luther George Simjian and installed in 1939 in New York City by the City Bank of New York, but removed after 6 months due to the lack of customer acceptance.
The ATM got smaller, faster and easier over the years. Thereafter, the history of ATMs paused for over 25 years, until De La Rue developed the first electronic ATM, which was installed first in Enfield Town in North London [2] on 27 June 1967 by Barclays Bank. The first ATMs accepted only a single-use token or voucher, which was retained by the machine. These worked on various principles including radiation and low-correctively magnetism that was wiped by the card reader to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by the British engineer John Rose in 1965.
Literature Review
ATMs are becoming increasingly popular because they make banking functions available to all the customers around the clock, and at variety of locations, in addition to banks. In olden days ATMs are manufactured mainly by using microprocessor or microcontroller. Due to heavier demands and the falling price of computer like architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom architectures using microcontroller and / or integrated circuits to adopting hardware architecture that is very similar to a personal computer. Although it is a cheaper to use commercial hardware, it does not mean that ATMs are free from some sort of problems exhibited by the personal computers.
With the migration to commodity pc hardware, standard commercial operating systems and programming environments can be used in ATMs. Typical platforms used in ATMs include Microsoft operating systems, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Java, Linux and UNIX may also be used in these environments. In the current scenario Linux is also playing a leading role in the ATM market place. Most of the companies are trying to use Linux operating in there ATMs.
Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their account. This is a convenience; especially for people who are traveling it is possible to make withdrawals in places where one's bank has no branches, and even to withdraw local currency in a foreign country
ATMs mainly consists of a special type of secure crypto processor, which is a dedicated microprocessor mainly used for extracting the information from the card used by the customer. The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure crypto processor. Many ATMs usually print each transaction in a printout form that is rolled into a roll of paper stored inside the ATMs, which allows both the users of the ATMs and the financial institutions to keep records, in case there is a dispute. In some cases, transactions are posted directly to an electronic journal to reduce the need for paper work
System Shutdown Case
The system is shut down when the operator makes sure that no customer is using the machine, and then turns the operator switch to the "off" position. The connection to the bank will be shut down. Then the operator is free to remove deposited envelopes, replenish cash and paper, etc.
Session Case
A session is started when a customer inserts an ATM card into the card reader slot of the machine. The ATM pulls the card into the machine and reads it. If the reader cannot read the card due to improper insertion or a damaged stripe, the card is ejected, an error screen is displayed, and the session is aborted. The customer is asked to enter PIN, and is then allowed to perform one or more transactions, choosing from a menu of possible types of transaction in each case.
After each transaction, the customer is asked whether he/she would like to perform another. When the customer is through performing transactions, the card is ejected from the machine and the session ends. If a transaction is aborted due to too many invalid PIN entries, the session is also aborted, with the card being retained in the machine. The customer may abort the session by pressing the Cancel key when entering a PIN or choosing a transaction type.
Transaction Case
A transaction use case is started within a session when the customer chooses a transaction type from a menu of options. The customer will be asked to furnish appropriate details (e.g. account involved, amount). The transaction will then be sent to the bank, along with information from the customer's card and the PIN the customer entered.
If the bank approves the transaction, any steps needed to complete the transaction (e.g. dispensing cash or accepting an envelope) will be performed, and then a receipt will be printed. Then the customer will be asked whether he/she wishes to do another transaction.
If the bank reports that the customer's PIN is invalid, the Invalid PIN extension will be performed and then an attempt will be made to continue the transaction. If the customer's card is retained due to too many invalid PINs, the transaction will be aborted, and the customer will not be offered the option of doing another.
Deposit Transaction Case
A deposit transaction asks the customer to choose a type of account to deposit to (e.g. checking) from a menu of possible accounts, and to type in a amount on the keyboard. The transaction is initially sent to the bank to verify that the ATM can accept a deposit from this customer to this account. If the transaction is approved, the machine accepts an envelope from the customer containing cash and/or checks before it issues a receipt. Once the envelope has been received, a second message is sent to the bank, to confirm that the bank can credit the customer's account - contingent on manual verification of the deposit envelope contents by an operator later.
Invalid PIN Extension
An invalid PIN extension is started from within a transaction when the bank reports that the customer's transaction is disapproved due to an invalid PIN. The customer is required to re-enter the PIN and the original request is sent to the bank again. If the bank now approves the transaction, or disapproves it for some other reason, the original use case is continued; otherwise the process of re-entering the PIN is repeated.
PIN Parser
When the enterPin signal is high, the PIN parser records the “1” and “0” entries on the key pad in a 4-bit left shift SIPO register. The “Clear” key resets the entered PIN storage register. On pressing the “Enter” key, it compares the PIN stored in the card information module with the PIN entered by the user. If the entries do not match, it records the count of mismatch, and notifies the CSM by a low IPIN count Check. CSM generates the invalidPIN signal to the display and re-sends the enterPin signal. If the mismatch count is less than three, it prompts for re-entry of the PIN. On third incorrect entry, it sends high IPINcountCheck signal to CSM to lock the account.
[attachment=36466]
Abstract
The high growth of the semiconductor industry over the past two decades has put Very Large Scale Integration in demand all over the world. The basics of digital logic theory and techniques are easily understood by the design based on VLSI technology. These are the core fundamentals of the fast, high-speed complex digital circuits. The electronic industry has achieved a phenomenon growth over the last few decades, mainly due to the rapid advance in semiconductor technologies and increases the demand in VLSI.
In the growing technological world, people want their work to be very simple in order to save their time. As we know some new technology is becoming popular in banking sector, which is referred as ATMs. It makes the work of people as well as the banking sectors to be easy. ATMs help in providing money to the people nearer to the living area by saving their time so that it becoming very popular.
In this work the development of a Moore machine state diagram of an ATM controller. The developed design will be modeled using Verilog HDL language which is a Hardware Description Language (HDL) used to describe a digital system. The verification of developed model will be made by identifying the suitable test cases in a test bench. The simulation will be carried out using Modelsim tool and the intended functionality can be verified with the help of its simulation results and also it can be synthesized using the Xilinx tool.
Introduction
Automated Teller Machines (ATM) are banking kiosks available to consumers 24X7. These serve as data terminals for convenient money transactions. In these unattended machines, user has to use the ATM card (a card with the account information) and provide the Personal Identification Number (PIN) using a keypad. When the computer verifies the PIN, the customer gets a choice of transactions. Adhering to the instructions and entering proper choices, user can dispense cash, deposit cash, change PIN or just get an information on account balance.
Basically an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) is the combination of hardware and software. The hardware used is card swiper, keypad, display, etc. The software such as operating system controls this hardware’s. Now a day’s digital system is entered in replacing the software. After the invention of ATM, different groups design the different parts of the system. But in new generation there are different methods and tools are emerging, which can handle the design of system from system level specification. Security, flexibility and reliability of user’s account get increased due to ATM and it becomes user friendly now. In this chapter architecture of an ATM is designed and the finite state diagram of the system is drawn. The system level analysis is made with the help of FSM of the system.
An automated teller machine (ATM) is a computerized electronic device that helps the customers of a financial institution to access the financial transactions in a public place without any help from others. On most modern ATMs, the customer is identified by inserting a plastic ATM card with a magnetic stripe or a plastic smartcard with a chip that contains a unique card number and some security information, such as an expiration date. Security is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number (PIN).
ATM Controller Architecture Review
As the t echnology changes attains to its peak, the human needs also been increased to a more modernized level. Here we take up with a concept of ATM controller design. In general the ATM means Automated Teller Machine which makes us to leads the life much faster. We look into the technical aspect of ATM as our review.
History
The ATM was invented by Scot John Shepherd-Barron. The world's first ATM was installed in a branch of Barclays in the northern London borough of Enfield, Middlesex, in 1967. Inspiration had struck Mr. Shepherd-Barron, now 82, while he was in the bath. A mechanical cash dispenser was developed and built by Luther George Simjian and installed in 1939 in New York City by the City Bank of New York, but removed after 6 months due to the lack of customer acceptance.
The ATM got smaller, faster and easier over the years. Thereafter, the history of ATMs paused for over 25 years, until De La Rue developed the first electronic ATM, which was installed first in Enfield Town in North London [2] on 27 June 1967 by Barclays Bank. The first ATMs accepted only a single-use token or voucher, which was retained by the machine. These worked on various principles including radiation and low-correctively magnetism that was wiped by the card reader to make fraud more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by the British engineer John Rose in 1965.
Literature Review
ATMs are becoming increasingly popular because they make banking functions available to all the customers around the clock, and at variety of locations, in addition to banks. In olden days ATMs are manufactured mainly by using microprocessor or microcontroller. Due to heavier demands and the falling price of computer like architectures, ATMs have moved away from custom architectures using microcontroller and / or integrated circuits to adopting hardware architecture that is very similar to a personal computer. Although it is a cheaper to use commercial hardware, it does not mean that ATMs are free from some sort of problems exhibited by the personal computers.
With the migration to commodity pc hardware, standard commercial operating systems and programming environments can be used in ATMs. Typical platforms used in ATMs include Microsoft operating systems, Sun Microsystems, Solaris, Java, Linux and UNIX may also be used in these environments. In the current scenario Linux is also playing a leading role in the ATM market place. Most of the companies are trying to use Linux operating in there ATMs.
Most ATMs are connected to interbank networks, enabling people to withdraw and deposit money from machines not belonging to the bank where they have their account. This is a convenience; especially for people who are traveling it is possible to make withdrawals in places where one's bank has no branches, and even to withdraw local currency in a foreign country
ATMs mainly consists of a special type of secure crypto processor, which is a dedicated microprocessor mainly used for extracting the information from the card used by the customer. The security of ATM transactions relies mostly on the integrity of the secure crypto processor. Many ATMs usually print each transaction in a printout form that is rolled into a roll of paper stored inside the ATMs, which allows both the users of the ATMs and the financial institutions to keep records, in case there is a dispute. In some cases, transactions are posted directly to an electronic journal to reduce the need for paper work
System Shutdown Case
The system is shut down when the operator makes sure that no customer is using the machine, and then turns the operator switch to the "off" position. The connection to the bank will be shut down. Then the operator is free to remove deposited envelopes, replenish cash and paper, etc.
Session Case
A session is started when a customer inserts an ATM card into the card reader slot of the machine. The ATM pulls the card into the machine and reads it. If the reader cannot read the card due to improper insertion or a damaged stripe, the card is ejected, an error screen is displayed, and the session is aborted. The customer is asked to enter PIN, and is then allowed to perform one or more transactions, choosing from a menu of possible types of transaction in each case.
After each transaction, the customer is asked whether he/she would like to perform another. When the customer is through performing transactions, the card is ejected from the machine and the session ends. If a transaction is aborted due to too many invalid PIN entries, the session is also aborted, with the card being retained in the machine. The customer may abort the session by pressing the Cancel key when entering a PIN or choosing a transaction type.
Transaction Case
A transaction use case is started within a session when the customer chooses a transaction type from a menu of options. The customer will be asked to furnish appropriate details (e.g. account involved, amount). The transaction will then be sent to the bank, along with information from the customer's card and the PIN the customer entered.
If the bank approves the transaction, any steps needed to complete the transaction (e.g. dispensing cash or accepting an envelope) will be performed, and then a receipt will be printed. Then the customer will be asked whether he/she wishes to do another transaction.
If the bank reports that the customer's PIN is invalid, the Invalid PIN extension will be performed and then an attempt will be made to continue the transaction. If the customer's card is retained due to too many invalid PINs, the transaction will be aborted, and the customer will not be offered the option of doing another.
Deposit Transaction Case
A deposit transaction asks the customer to choose a type of account to deposit to (e.g. checking) from a menu of possible accounts, and to type in a amount on the keyboard. The transaction is initially sent to the bank to verify that the ATM can accept a deposit from this customer to this account. If the transaction is approved, the machine accepts an envelope from the customer containing cash and/or checks before it issues a receipt. Once the envelope has been received, a second message is sent to the bank, to confirm that the bank can credit the customer's account - contingent on manual verification of the deposit envelope contents by an operator later.
Invalid PIN Extension
An invalid PIN extension is started from within a transaction when the bank reports that the customer's transaction is disapproved due to an invalid PIN. The customer is required to re-enter the PIN and the original request is sent to the bank again. If the bank now approves the transaction, or disapproves it for some other reason, the original use case is continued; otherwise the process of re-entering the PIN is repeated.
PIN Parser
When the enterPin signal is high, the PIN parser records the “1” and “0” entries on the key pad in a 4-bit left shift SIPO register. The “Clear” key resets the entered PIN storage register. On pressing the “Enter” key, it compares the PIN stored in the card information module with the PIN entered by the user. If the entries do not match, it records the count of mismatch, and notifies the CSM by a low IPIN count Check. CSM generates the invalidPIN signal to the display and re-sends the enterPin signal. If the mismatch count is less than three, it prompts for re-entry of the PIN. On third incorrect entry, it sends high IPINcountCheck signal to CSM to lock the account.