24-10-2012, 05:43 PM
OBSTACLE DETECTION AND AVOIDANCE ROBOT
[attachment=37074]
Abstract
Robot is a system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power supplies and software all working together to perform a task. Designing, building, programming and testing a robot is a combination of physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, structural engineering, mathematics and computing. In some cases biology, medicine, chemistry might also be involved.
Obstacle Detecting Robot is a machine that detects any obstacle present in its way and if found, changes its direction automatically. Sensing the obstacle and maneuvering the robot to stay on course, while constantly correcting wrong moves using feedback mechanism forms a simple yet effective closed loop system.
The system contains PIR sensor that can detect the obstacle in any direction. If the vehicle encounters the obstacle in the forward direction, the robot changes it direction to left. If there is an obstacle even in the left, it moves to right and if the robot detects an obstacle in the right direction, the vehicle stops.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today .Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use. Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.
Characteristics:
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is usually stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.
CPU platforms:
Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories: ordinary microprocessors (μP) and microcontrollers (μC), which have many more peripherals on chip, reducing cost and size. Contrasting to the personal computer and server markets, a fairly large number of basic CPU architectures are used; there are Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard architectures, RISC as well as non-RISC and VLIW; word lengths vary from 4-bit to 64-bits and beyond (mainly in DSP processors) although the most typical remain 8/16-bit. Most architectures come in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured by several different companies.
ASIC and FPGA solutions:
A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a chip (SOC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for which the CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design. A related scheme is to use a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and program it with all the logic, including the CPU.
1.4 Peripherals:
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as
• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
• Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LAN networks, etc
• Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
• Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/output (GPIO)
• Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
Tools:
As for other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded. However, they may also use some more specific tools:
• In circuit debuggers or emulators
• Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can check if the program is valid.
• For systems using digital signal processing, developers may use a math workbench such as MATLAB, Simulink, MathCAD, or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics. They might also use libraries for both the host and target which eliminates developing DSP routines as done in DSP nano RTOS and Unison Operating System.
• Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimization for the particular hardware.
• An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language such as Forth or Basic.
• Another alternative is to add a Real-time operating system or Embedded operating system, which may have DSP capabilities like DSP nano RTOS.
[attachment=37074]
Abstract
Robot is a system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power supplies and software all working together to perform a task. Designing, building, programming and testing a robot is a combination of physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, structural engineering, mathematics and computing. In some cases biology, medicine, chemistry might also be involved.
Obstacle Detecting Robot is a machine that detects any obstacle present in its way and if found, changes its direction automatically. Sensing the obstacle and maneuvering the robot to stay on course, while constantly correcting wrong moves using feedback mechanism forms a simple yet effective closed loop system.
The system contains PIR sensor that can detect the obstacle in any direction. If the vehicle encounters the obstacle in the forward direction, the robot changes it direction to left. If there is an obstacle even in the left, it moves to right and if the robot detects an obstacle in the right direction, the vehicle stops.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with real-time computing constraints. It is usually embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on programming. Embedded systems control many of the common devices in use today .Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from scale. Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants. Complexity varies from low, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted inside a large chassis or enclosure.
In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example, Handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating systems and microprocessors which power them but are not truly embedded systems, because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected. Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use. Telecommunications systems employ numerous embedded systems from telephone switches for the network to mobile phones at the end-user. Computer networking uses dedicated routers and network bridges to route data.
Characteristics:
1. Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task, rather than be a general-purpose computer for multiple tasks. Some also have real-time performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs.
2. Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems consist of small, computerized parts within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the Gibson Robot Guitar features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is, of course, to play music. Similarly, an embedded system in an automobile provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself.
3. The software written for embedded systems is often called firmware, and is usually stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips rather than a disk drive. It often runs with limited computer hardware resources: small or no keyboard, screen, and little memory.
CPU platforms:
Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories: ordinary microprocessors (μP) and microcontrollers (μC), which have many more peripherals on chip, reducing cost and size. Contrasting to the personal computer and server markets, a fairly large number of basic CPU architectures are used; there are Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard architectures, RISC as well as non-RISC and VLIW; word lengths vary from 4-bit to 64-bits and beyond (mainly in DSP processors) although the most typical remain 8/16-bit. Most architectures come in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured by several different companies.
ASIC and FPGA solutions:
A common configuration for very-high-volume embedded systems is the system on a chip (SOC), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), for which the CPU core was purchased and added as part of the chip design. A related scheme is to use a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), and program it with all the logic, including the CPU.
1.4 Peripherals:
Embedded Systems talk with the outside world via peripherals, such as
• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-232, RS-422, RS-485 etc
• Synchronous Serial Communication Interface: I2C, JTAG, SPI, SSC and ESSI
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network, LAN networks, etc
• Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
• Discrete IO: aka General Purpose Input/output (GPIO)
• Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)
Tools:
As for other software, embedded system designers use compilers, assemblers, and debuggers to develop embedded. However, they may also use some more specific tools:
• In circuit debuggers or emulators
• Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a program, so the embedded system can check if the program is valid.
• For systems using digital signal processing, developers may use a math workbench such as MATLAB, Simulink, MathCAD, or Mathematica to simulate the mathematics. They might also use libraries for both the host and target which eliminates developing DSP routines as done in DSP nano RTOS and Unison Operating System.
• Custom compilers and linkers may be used to improve optimization for the particular hardware.
• An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language such as Forth or Basic.
• Another alternative is to add a Real-time operating system or Embedded operating system, which may have DSP capabilities like DSP nano RTOS.