02-11-2012, 03:02 PM
ROBOTICS AND ITS APPLICATION
[attachment=37913]
INTRODUCTION
Robots have always had a fascination in our mind. With their various applications in various fields, they have become a common part in our daily life. They are meant to ease our work and increase our comfort of living.
The term ‘robot’ got prominence way back in the 1950s when Karl Capek in his play Rossum’s Universal Robots denoted the birth of a superior race that had intelligence similar to that of humans.
As Robots come in various forms and have application in various fields defining a Robot becomes that much difficult. There are various definitions for the term Robot. Some of them are:
“Force through intelligence”.
“An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human”.
The mechanical linkage
The manipulator consists of a set of rigid links connected by joints. The joints are typically rotary or sliding. The last link or the most distal link is called the end effectors because it is this link to which a gripper or a tool is attached. Sometimes one distinguishes between this last link and the end effectors that are mounted to this link at the tool mounting plate or the tool flange.
Sensors
The control of a manipulator or industrial robot is based on the correct interpretation of sensory information. This information can be obtained either internally to the robot (for example, joint positions and motor torque) or externally using a wide range of sensors.
The different types of sensors used are:
1. Tactile Sensors
2. Time flight sensors
3. Compasses
4. Miscellaneous
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence (AI) is arguably the most exciting field in robotics. It's certainly the most controversial: Everybody agrees that a robot can work in an assembly line, but there's no consensus on whether a robot can ever be intelligent.
Like the term "robot" itself, artificial intelligence is hard to define. Ultimate AI would be a recreation of the human thought process -- a man-made machine with our intellectual abilities. This would include the ability to learn just about anything, the ability to reason, the ability to use language and the ability to formulate original ideas. Robot cists are nowhere near achieving this level of artificial intelligence, but they have had made a lot of progress with more limited AI. Today's AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual ability.
Computers can already solve problems in limited realms. The basic idea of AI problem-solving is very simple, though its execution is complicated. First, the AI robot or computer gathers facts about a situation through sensors or human input. The computer compares this information to stored data and decides what the information signifies. The computer runs through various possible actions and predicts which action will be most successful based on the collected information. Of course, the computer can only solve problems it's programmed to solve -- it doesn't have any generalized analytical ability.
ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
• Robotics and automation can, in many situation, increase productivity, safety, efficiency, quality, and consistency of products
• Robots can work in hazardous environments
• Robots need no environmental comfort
• Robots work continuously without any humanity needs and illnesses
• Robots have repeatable precision at all times
• Robots can be much more accurate than humans; they may have mili or micro inch accuracy.
• Robots and their sensors can have capabilities beyond that of humans
• Robots can process multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously, humans can only one.
• Robots replace human workers who can create economic problems
DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
• Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies, this can cause:
– Inappropriate and wrong responses
– A lack of decision-making power
– A loss of power
– Damage to the robot and other devices
– Human injuries
• Robots may have limited capabilities in
– Degrees of Freedom
– Dexterity
– Sensors
– Vision systems
– Real-time Response
[attachment=37913]
INTRODUCTION
Robots have always had a fascination in our mind. With their various applications in various fields, they have become a common part in our daily life. They are meant to ease our work and increase our comfort of living.
The term ‘robot’ got prominence way back in the 1950s when Karl Capek in his play Rossum’s Universal Robots denoted the birth of a superior race that had intelligence similar to that of humans.
As Robots come in various forms and have application in various fields defining a Robot becomes that much difficult. There are various definitions for the term Robot. Some of them are:
“Force through intelligence”.
“An automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human”.
The mechanical linkage
The manipulator consists of a set of rigid links connected by joints. The joints are typically rotary or sliding. The last link or the most distal link is called the end effectors because it is this link to which a gripper or a tool is attached. Sometimes one distinguishes between this last link and the end effectors that are mounted to this link at the tool mounting plate or the tool flange.
Sensors
The control of a manipulator or industrial robot is based on the correct interpretation of sensory information. This information can be obtained either internally to the robot (for example, joint positions and motor torque) or externally using a wide range of sensors.
The different types of sensors used are:
1. Tactile Sensors
2. Time flight sensors
3. Compasses
4. Miscellaneous
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial intelligence (AI) is arguably the most exciting field in robotics. It's certainly the most controversial: Everybody agrees that a robot can work in an assembly line, but there's no consensus on whether a robot can ever be intelligent.
Like the term "robot" itself, artificial intelligence is hard to define. Ultimate AI would be a recreation of the human thought process -- a man-made machine with our intellectual abilities. This would include the ability to learn just about anything, the ability to reason, the ability to use language and the ability to formulate original ideas. Robot cists are nowhere near achieving this level of artificial intelligence, but they have had made a lot of progress with more limited AI. Today's AI machines can replicate some specific elements of intellectual ability.
Computers can already solve problems in limited realms. The basic idea of AI problem-solving is very simple, though its execution is complicated. First, the AI robot or computer gathers facts about a situation through sensors or human input. The computer compares this information to stored data and decides what the information signifies. The computer runs through various possible actions and predicts which action will be most successful based on the collected information. Of course, the computer can only solve problems it's programmed to solve -- it doesn't have any generalized analytical ability.
ADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
• Robotics and automation can, in many situation, increase productivity, safety, efficiency, quality, and consistency of products
• Robots can work in hazardous environments
• Robots need no environmental comfort
• Robots work continuously without any humanity needs and illnesses
• Robots have repeatable precision at all times
• Robots can be much more accurate than humans; they may have mili or micro inch accuracy.
• Robots and their sensors can have capabilities beyond that of humans
• Robots can process multiple stimuli or tasks simultaneously, humans can only one.
• Robots replace human workers who can create economic problems
DISADVANTAGES OF ROBOTS
• Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies, this can cause:
– Inappropriate and wrong responses
– A lack of decision-making power
– A loss of power
– Damage to the robot and other devices
– Human injuries
• Robots may have limited capabilities in
– Degrees of Freedom
– Dexterity
– Sensors
– Vision systems
– Real-time Response