16-11-2012, 12:17 PM
A TRAINING REPORT ON EMBEDDED SYSTEM
[attachment=39742]
CHARACTERISTICS:
Perform a single set of functions.
Works in a time constrained environment.
Provides high performance and reliability.
Mostly embedded systems have low cost because they are mass produced in millions.
Some embedded systems have mechanical moving parts like disk drives as they are less reliable as compared to solid state parts such as flash memory.
APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Automatic teller machines (ATM).
Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles.
Cellular telephones and telephone switches.
Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles.
Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security monitoring systems.
Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets, DVD players.
Handheld computers.
Video game consoles.
Even computer peripherals themselves such as routers and printers have embedded processors.
MICRONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION
Microcontrollers are single chip computers. The Intel 8051 is a single chip microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has today largely been superseded by a vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced 8051-compatible devices manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intel's official designation for the 8051 family of µCs is MCS 51.Intel's original 8051 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter "C" in their name, e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors - this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices.
IMPORTANT FEATURES
• It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package .
• 8-bit data bus - It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller).
• 16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 kB each of RAM and ROM .
• On-chip RAM - 128 bytes ("Data Memory")
• On-chip ROM - 4 kB ("Program Memory").
• Four byte bi-directional input/output port.
• UART (serial port).
• Two 16-bit Counter/timers.
• Two-level interrupt priority.
RELATED PROCESSORS
The 8051's predecessor, the 8048, was used in the keyboard of the first IBM PC, where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit of the computer. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today for basic model keyboards.The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that did not contain any internal program memory (ROM). To use this chip external ROM is to be added that will contain the program that the 8031 will fetch and execute.The 8052 was an enhanced version of the original Intel 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 kB of ROM instead of 4 kB, and a third 16-bit timer. The 8032 had these same features except for the internal ROM program memory. The 8052 and 8032 are largely considered to be obsolete because these features and more are included in nearly all modern 8051 based microcontrollers.
8051 ARCHITECTURE
The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with Harvard architecture. The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with Harvard architecture
[attachment=39742]
CHARACTERISTICS:
Perform a single set of functions.
Works in a time constrained environment.
Provides high performance and reliability.
Mostly embedded systems have low cost because they are mass produced in millions.
Some embedded systems have mechanical moving parts like disk drives as they are less reliable as compared to solid state parts such as flash memory.
APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
Automatic teller machines (ATM).
Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems, flight control hardware/software and other integrated systems in aircraft and missiles.
Cellular telephones and telephone switches.
Engine controllers and antilock brake controllers for automobiles.
Home automation products, such as thermostats, air conditioners, sprinklers, and security monitoring systems.
Household appliances, including microwave ovens, washing machines, television sets, DVD players.
Handheld computers.
Video game consoles.
Even computer peripherals themselves such as routers and printers have embedded processors.
MICRONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION
Microcontrollers are single chip computers. The Intel 8051 is a single chip microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980 for use in embedded systems. Intel's original versions were popular in the 1980s and early 1990s, but has today largely been superseded by a vast range of faster and/or functionally enhanced 8051-compatible devices manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon Technologies (formerly Siemens AG), Maxim Integrated Products (via its Dallas Semiconductor subsidiary), NXP (formerly Philips Semiconductor), Winbond, ST Microelectronics, Silicon Laboratories (formerly Cygnal), Texas Instruments and Cypress Semiconductor. Intel's official designation for the 8051 family of µCs is MCS 51.Intel's original 8051 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter "C" in their name, e.g. 80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors - this made them eminently more suitable for battery-powered devices.
IMPORTANT FEATURES
• It provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic, timer, etc.) in a single package .
• 8-bit data bus - It can access 8 bits of data in one operation (hence it is an 8-bit microcontroller).
• 16-bit address bus - It can access 216 memory locations - 64 kB each of RAM and ROM .
• On-chip RAM - 128 bytes ("Data Memory")
• On-chip ROM - 4 kB ("Program Memory").
• Four byte bi-directional input/output port.
• UART (serial port).
• Two 16-bit Counter/timers.
• Two-level interrupt priority.
RELATED PROCESSORS
The 8051's predecessor, the 8048, was used in the keyboard of the first IBM PC, where it converted keypresses into the serial data stream which is sent to the main unit of the computer. The 8048 and derivatives are still used today for basic model keyboards.The 8031 was a cut down version of the original Intel 8051 that did not contain any internal program memory (ROM). To use this chip external ROM is to be added that will contain the program that the 8031 will fetch and execute.The 8052 was an enhanced version of the original Intel 8051 that featured 256 bytes of internal RAM instead of 128 bytes, 8 kB of ROM instead of 4 kB, and a third 16-bit timer. The 8032 had these same features except for the internal ROM program memory. The 8052 and 8032 are largely considered to be obsolete because these features and more are included in nearly all modern 8051 based microcontrollers.
8051 ARCHITECTURE
The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with Harvard architecture. The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used worldwide. 8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from many different silicon manufacturers. The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with Harvard architecture