17-11-2012, 01:04 PM
TRAFFIC DENSITY CONTROLLER
[attachment=39945]
INTRODUCTION
Now a days all traffic signaling systems are predefined, i.e. having fined time slots for every direction. Hence any one of the directions, having more traffic may not be controlled by the existing system. This problem may be solved with the help of new concept, allotment of time based on traffic density.
The objective of this project is to reduce the traffic on four directions based on the traffic density. Here the time slots of the signals are decided based on the traffic density.
Here initially we are sensing the traffic density by keeping IR transmitters and receivers at two edges of road at different places. If any vehicle is in between these two interrupts, IR receiver output is one connected to the microcontroller. It is sensed by the micro controller here we are allotting more time for more traffic directions and less timing for less traffic areas. Here we have established four junction road traffic signal lights. Each road is having two IR sensors, two lights (red, green) Here we used the popular microcontroller MCS 51 series family 89c52 for executing the entire process. The 16 x 2 matrix LCD display is used to indicate the remaining time of each direction.
AT89C52 Micro Controller
The AT89C52 is a CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. It provides the following standard features: 8 Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuit.
The Port pins P0.0, P0.1, P0.2, P0.3, P0.4, P0.5, P0.6, P0.7, P2.7, P2.6, P2.5 are connected to LCD specified as an output port. The pins P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3, P1.4, P1.5, P1.6, P1.7 are connected to the IR Sensors. P3.0, P3.1, P3.2, P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.6, P3.7 are connected to the LEDs.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
The 16 x 2 parallel – operated dot matrix LCD display is connected to the port 0, port 2, of Micro controller as shown in the circuit diagram. The data pins from Do to D7 are connected to p0.0 top0.7. The control lines p2.7 is connected to register select, p2.6 is connected to Read/write, p2.5 is connected to enable pin of LCD display.
A 2.5v is applied to the contrast pin of LCD for getting 50% of the contrast, Vcc, ground, back lighting Vcc, ground. 5V is applied to the module for proper operation. The bi-directional LCD protocol is written in microcontroller for exchanging datas between microcontroller and LCD display.
LED Drive:
Here in this work all 8 LEDs are connected to p 3.0 to p3.7 via ULN 2803 Darlington transistor pair pack. The LEDs are connected to the Vcc via 330 ohms series resistor. The LEDs enter into ON state when port maintains bit 1 and the LED enters in to the OFF state while maintaining 0 signal.
Sensing Part:
Here the 5v is applied to IR LED via 330 ohms resistor in forward bias, the IR LED emits constant IR light in the free space. The light is focused on the photo diode kept at opposite to the IR LED, connected in
reverse bias in series with 10 k ohms resistor. The junction is connected to the port P1.0 of Microcontroller. When the IR light is focused on the photo diode, that maintains very low resistance due to that the P1.0 maintains low i.e 0 V. When any obstruction is there in between IR LED and photo diode, there is no IR focused on the photo diode that maintains very high resistance due to that the port maintains high signal i.e 5V (bit-1)
Like this we are connected 8 sensors for port 1 (P1.0 to P1.7). These 8 sensors are organized in 4 rows of each 2 sensors.
Buzzer and Drive:
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles. Now-a-days, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezo-electric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to driver” circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.
The buzzer ON and OFF is controlled by the switching transistors (BC547). The buzzer is connected in the transistor collector terminal. When high pulse signal is given to base of the transistors, the transistors is conducting buzzer is energized and produces sound.
Power Supply
The Power Supply is a Primary requirement for the project work. For this purpose center tapped secondary of 12V-012V transformer is used. Centre tapped full wave rectifier is used. D1 Diode conducts in positive half cycle. D2 diode conducts is negative half cycle. Output is pulsating D.C pulsating D.C is converted to pure DC by using filter capacitors 2200µF/25V and 470µF/16V. 12 V D.C is obtained across 2200µF/25V capacitor. LM 7805 IC regulator is used to produce constant +5V D.C voltage.
CONSTRUCTION
Required components are mounted on PCB as per the component layout diagram 1 and soldered.
Traffic lights model layout for a four junction road is drawn on the wooden board. 4 green and 4 red LED’s are mounted at the center on four sides. 8 IR LED’s and 8 photo diodes are mounted on four sides of the road at different distances. LCD and transformer are also mounted on the board. Wire connections are done from the PCB to LCD, transformer, IR LED’s, photodiodes, Red and Green LED’s. Assembly language program code is loaded into the Micro controller (89c52).
[attachment=39945]
INTRODUCTION
Now a days all traffic signaling systems are predefined, i.e. having fined time slots for every direction. Hence any one of the directions, having more traffic may not be controlled by the existing system. This problem may be solved with the help of new concept, allotment of time based on traffic density.
The objective of this project is to reduce the traffic on four directions based on the traffic density. Here the time slots of the signals are decided based on the traffic density.
Here initially we are sensing the traffic density by keeping IR transmitters and receivers at two edges of road at different places. If any vehicle is in between these two interrupts, IR receiver output is one connected to the microcontroller. It is sensed by the micro controller here we are allotting more time for more traffic directions and less timing for less traffic areas. Here we have established four junction road traffic signal lights. Each road is having two IR sensors, two lights (red, green) Here we used the popular microcontroller MCS 51 series family 89c52 for executing the entire process. The 16 x 2 matrix LCD display is used to indicate the remaining time of each direction.
AT89C52 Micro Controller
The AT89C52 is a CMOS 8-bit microcontroller. It provides the following standard features: 8 Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuit.
The Port pins P0.0, P0.1, P0.2, P0.3, P0.4, P0.5, P0.6, P0.7, P2.7, P2.6, P2.5 are connected to LCD specified as an output port. The pins P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3, P1.4, P1.5, P1.6, P1.7 are connected to the IR Sensors. P3.0, P3.1, P3.2, P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.6, P3.7 are connected to the LEDs.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY:
The 16 x 2 parallel – operated dot matrix LCD display is connected to the port 0, port 2, of Micro controller as shown in the circuit diagram. The data pins from Do to D7 are connected to p0.0 top0.7. The control lines p2.7 is connected to register select, p2.6 is connected to Read/write, p2.5 is connected to enable pin of LCD display.
A 2.5v is applied to the contrast pin of LCD for getting 50% of the contrast, Vcc, ground, back lighting Vcc, ground. 5V is applied to the module for proper operation. The bi-directional LCD protocol is written in microcontroller for exchanging datas between microcontroller and LCD display.
LED Drive:
Here in this work all 8 LEDs are connected to p 3.0 to p3.7 via ULN 2803 Darlington transistor pair pack. The LEDs are connected to the Vcc via 330 ohms series resistor. The LEDs enter into ON state when port maintains bit 1 and the LED enters in to the OFF state while maintaining 0 signal.
Sensing Part:
Here the 5v is applied to IR LED via 330 ohms resistor in forward bias, the IR LED emits constant IR light in the free space. The light is focused on the photo diode kept at opposite to the IR LED, connected in
reverse bias in series with 10 k ohms resistor. The junction is connected to the port P1.0 of Microcontroller. When the IR light is focused on the photo diode, that maintains very low resistance due to that the P1.0 maintains low i.e 0 V. When any obstruction is there in between IR LED and photo diode, there is no IR focused on the photo diode that maintains very high resistance due to that the port maintains high signal i.e 5V (bit-1)
Like this we are connected 8 sensors for port 1 (P1.0 to P1.7). These 8 sensors are organized in 4 rows of each 2 sensors.
Buzzer and Drive:
A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles. Now-a-days, it is more popular to use a ceramic-based piezo-electric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to driver” circuits which varied the pitch of the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.
The buzzer ON and OFF is controlled by the switching transistors (BC547). The buzzer is connected in the transistor collector terminal. When high pulse signal is given to base of the transistors, the transistors is conducting buzzer is energized and produces sound.
Power Supply
The Power Supply is a Primary requirement for the project work. For this purpose center tapped secondary of 12V-012V transformer is used. Centre tapped full wave rectifier is used. D1 Diode conducts in positive half cycle. D2 diode conducts is negative half cycle. Output is pulsating D.C pulsating D.C is converted to pure DC by using filter capacitors 2200µF/25V and 470µF/16V. 12 V D.C is obtained across 2200µF/25V capacitor. LM 7805 IC regulator is used to produce constant +5V D.C voltage.
CONSTRUCTION
Required components are mounted on PCB as per the component layout diagram 1 and soldered.
Traffic lights model layout for a four junction road is drawn on the wooden board. 4 green and 4 red LED’s are mounted at the center on four sides. 8 IR LED’s and 8 photo diodes are mounted on four sides of the road at different distances. LCD and transformer are also mounted on the board. Wire connections are done from the PCB to LCD, transformer, IR LED’s, photodiodes, Red and Green LED’s. Assembly language program code is loaded into the Micro controller (89c52).