Seminar Topics & Project Ideas On Computer Science Electronics Electrical Mechanical Engineering Civil MBA Medicine Nursing Science Physics Mathematics Chemistry ppt pdf doc presentation downloads and Abstract

Earth Simulator


[attachment=42144]

Hardware

Performance
Arithmetic Processor
Processor Node
Interconnection Network


Arithmetic Processor

4-way super scalar
w/64kb instruction cache, 64kb data cache, 128 registers
Vector unit
w/72 registers each w/256 vector elements
8 sets of 6 different types of vector pipelines
(add/shift, multiplication, division, logical, masking, load/store)
Main memory access control unit
500MHz/1GHz


Processor Node


Eight Arithmetic Processors
16 GB RAM
256 GB/s bus between AP, RAM, and interconnection network
640 total nodes


Interconnection Network


Total bandwidth 8 TB/s
Two control units
128 data switch units
Every node is connected to every switch and control unit
640 x 130 = 83,200 cables
2,400 kilometers

Earth Simulator

[attachment=55531]


Supercomputers

Supercomputer : A computer that is able to operate at a speed that places it at or near the top speed of currently produced computers.
The first supercomputers were introduced in the 1960s, designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC).

Vector Processing

Vector Processing : A program roughly takes the form of applying the same computation to a big chunk of data.
Vector computers have instructions which can operate on strings of numbers formed as one-dimensional arrays (vectors).
One operation can be specfied on all elements of vector in a single instruction. Basically, vector processing is a version of the Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) parallel processing technique.

Vector Processing Properties

The computation of each result (in vector processor) is independent of the computation of previous results.
A single vector instruction specifies a great deal of work - it is equivalent to executing an entire loop.
Vector instructions that access memory have a known access pattern. If the vector's elements are all adjacent, then fetching the vector from a set of heavily interleaved memory banks works very well.

Design Concepts

A vector architecture should be employed which is an efficient architecture for large-scale scientific simulations.
The system design should be as compact as possible in order to limit the space and electric power. As a result, the vector processor should be realized as a one-chip LSI. The bandwidth achieved should be 128 TB/s in order to aintain thmemory e peak performance which is more than 32 TFLOPS/s. So, a distributed main memory system should be used.
A single-stage crossbar network should be taken in order to make the system completely homogeneous.
A multiple job environment should be provided at operation of the ES.

Conclusion

1. High resolution atmospheric and oceanographic models which are global models to predict global warming and El Nino event, regional models to predict Asian Monsoon and typhoon, and local model to predict weather disasters such as torrential rain falls and downbursts.
2. The applications in the field of solid earth science which are global models to describe longrange crustal movements, regional models to understand mechanism of seismicity and seismic wave propagation, and local models to understand migration of underground water and materials transfer in strata.