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Wi-Fi wireless -fidelity

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What is Wi-Fi?

The standard for wireless local area networks (WLANs). It’s like a common language that all the devices use to communicate to each other.
It’s actually IEEE 802.11, a family of standards.

WLAN Architecture—Ad Hoc Mode

Ad-Hoc mode:

Peer-to-peer setup where clients can connect to each other directly. Generally not used for business networks.
Ad Hoc StructureMobile stations communicate to each other directly.
It’s set up for a special purpose and for a short period of time. For example, the participants of a meeting in a conference room may create an ad hoc network at the beginning of the meeting and dissolve it when the meeting ends.

Roaming

In an extended service area, a mobile station (MS) can roam from one BSS (Basic Service Set) to another.
Roughly speaking, the MS keeps checking the beacon signal sent by each AP and select the strongest one and connect to that AP.
If the BSSs overlap, the connection will not be interrupted when an MS moves from one set to another. If not, the service will be interrupted.
Two BSSs coverage areas can largely overlap to increase the capacity for a particular area. If so, the two access points will use different channels, as we will explain later.

Wi-Fi network services

Distribution and integration
Association, re-association, and disassociation
Authentication and deauthentication
Providing privacy

Advantages

. flexible: With a wireless network you and your staff can have uninterrupted access to people, information and tools as you and they move through the workplace with your mobile PC. b. responsive: As you change your business operations your wireless network can change with you. c. customized: Your wireless network can be configured the way you want it.-even combined with your current wired network.
Wireless Fidelity

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INTRODUCTION

Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio waves to provide wireless high-speed internet and network connections.
A common misconception is that the term Wi-Fi is short for "wireless fidelity,".
Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked term meaning IEEE 802.11x.
The  Wi-Fi alliance, the organization that owns the Wi-Fi (registered trademark) term specifically defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the IEEE 802.11 standards."
Initially, Wi-Fi was used in place of only the 2.4GHz 802.11b standard,
however the Wi-Fi Alliance has expanded the generic use of the Wi-Fi term to include any type of network or WLAN product based on any of the 802.11 standards, including 802.11b, 802.11a, dual-band, and so on

WORKING

Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender and receiver by using radio frequency (RF) technology, a frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio wave propagation.
When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to propagate through space.
The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP).
The primary job of an access point is to broadcast a wireless signal  that computers can detect and "tune" into.
In order to connect to an access point and join a wireless network, computers and devices must be equipped with wireless network adapters
Wi-Fi Certified and indicates the radio frequency band used (2.5GHz for 802.11b,  802.11g, or 802.11n, and 5GHz for 802.11a
A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console ,smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point.
Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors

Protocol Architecture

Convergence layer functions:
Encapsulate PDU framing of upper layers into native 802.16 MAC/PHY frames
Map upper layer’s addresses into 802.16 addresses
Translate upper layer QoS parameters into native 802.16 MAC format
Adapt time dependencies of upper layer traffic into equivalent MAC service

Physical Layer: Downlink

Continuous downstream mode
For continuous transmission (audio/video)
Simple TDM scheme is used for channel access
Frequency division duplex (FDD)
Burst downstream mode
For bursty transmission (IP-based traffic)
DAMA-TDMA scheme for channel access
FDD with adaptive modulation, frequency shift division duplexing (FSDD), time division duplexing (TDD)

Radio Link Control

Power control and paging
Transition among burst profiles
Downlink burst profile change
Subscriber station monitors downlink quality
Requests a new profile
Granted if base station judges possible
Uplink profile change
Base station monitors the uplink signal quality
Specifies the new profile’s usage code when granting subscriber bandwidth in a frame

Layers Definitions

The ISO 18000-7:2004 defines physical and data link layers [ISO4D].
The physical layer defines the modulation used in air communications and band frequencies.
The data link layer defines the communications protocol, dataheader,commands,data, collision treatment, broadcast communication and point-to-point communication.