03-01-2013, 02:31 PM
ROBOTICS FOR BEGINNER
[attachment=46332]
BREADBOARD
Breadboard is used to make circuits. But mostly after testing your
circuits on breadboard you will be making PCB. But I never made
PCB for any of my circuits. Normally everyone says that if you
connect on breadboard then wires may get loose and circuit will
get disturbed due to shock. But no such problem occurred to me,
all you have to do is to do a good wiring. Then you can gain time
for making PCB's.
Above diagram shows how breadboard connections should be
made. So all you require is to do a good wiring. First I will tell
about which breadboard should you use. The breadboard is
different mainly according to the size of their holes. The
breadboard in Figure.1 has the smallest whole size.
This breadboard has medium sized holes. I mostly prefer this one.
But I have not seen this breadboard nowadays. The one which is
available nowadays is given below. Breadboards costs from Rs.80-
120 (depends on place where you are in India). The main problem
with small holes is that, it will be tough to insert IC's like 7805
power transistors so on. Even there is problem with size of wires
also.
PROBLEMS OCCURING WITH BREADBOARD
1. As I said above some breadboards will be difficult to insert IC‘s like 7805, LM317 etc. Due to the small sized holes.
2. I bought a new breadboard for Rs.80 in which some parts of the breadboard are not working. So you should be careful about it.
3. Some part of the breadboard may suddenly create problem. This problem will mostly eat your time. I have connected full circuit for my project and it was working properly two months ago. The circuit consist of a 7805 which convert adapter DC to 5V. Now when I switch ON power supply, the circuit is not working. On examination I found that the output voltage of 7805 is 1.1V even though input voltage to 7805 is >7.5. I was surprised to see this because I had done same circuit a month ago and no changes made in circuit. Then I used another breadboard especially for 7805 to make connections, surprisingly it is working fine giving 4.8-5V.Then I connected the output from that breadboard to my original board where circuit was connected. It is working fine. Then I again tried in same position it is not working giving output of adapter 3-4V and output of 7805 1.1V. I doubted if the voltage regulator input is low to regulate, so I increased the adapter to 9V from 7.5(my adapter has varying voltage starting from 1.5V, 3V...). Then the light of the adapter went off. Then I again increased voltage to 12V. Then also light is off. Now I decided for a new position of breadboard, where it worked properly. Then I increased voltage up to 13.5V. For all these input voltages to 7805 the input of 7805 still remained 3.5-3.7V and output .7-.8V. Finally I got a position of the breadboard where it worked fine. The problem was of the position in the breadboard which I used.
MULTIMETER
Multimeter is used to measure different parameters like voltage, current, resistance etc... In robotics you should use a multimeter which is capable of measuring voltage, résistance, continuity test, transistor (hfe). Cost of a multimeter depends on the number of quantities it can measure; even some multimeter's can test whether a diode is of Ge or Si. But we don't want that much costly multimeter. A cheap one which I use is about Rs.300 which has all the necessary facilities which we commonly uses (voltage, resistance, and continuity). See my multimeter
RESISTOR
Resistors offers a resistance to the flow of current And act as
voltage droppers or voltage dividers. They are "Passive Devices",
that is they contain no source of power or amplification but only
attenuates or reduce the voltage signal passing through them.
We mostly use resistance in this range
even though more power rating high
value resistors are available (power up to
600 watt and resistor value up to 1
giga ohm). So when you select a resistor
its value and power rating should be the
deciding parameter. Therefore for high
current operations we use resistance of
higher current ratings. The size of the
resistor determines its power rating (i.e.
as size/thickness increases power/current carrying capacity of
resistance increases)
[attachment=46332]
BREADBOARD
Breadboard is used to make circuits. But mostly after testing your
circuits on breadboard you will be making PCB. But I never made
PCB for any of my circuits. Normally everyone says that if you
connect on breadboard then wires may get loose and circuit will
get disturbed due to shock. But no such problem occurred to me,
all you have to do is to do a good wiring. Then you can gain time
for making PCB's.
Above diagram shows how breadboard connections should be
made. So all you require is to do a good wiring. First I will tell
about which breadboard should you use. The breadboard is
different mainly according to the size of their holes. The
breadboard in Figure.1 has the smallest whole size.
This breadboard has medium sized holes. I mostly prefer this one.
But I have not seen this breadboard nowadays. The one which is
available nowadays is given below. Breadboards costs from Rs.80-
120 (depends on place where you are in India). The main problem
with small holes is that, it will be tough to insert IC's like 7805
power transistors so on. Even there is problem with size of wires
also.
PROBLEMS OCCURING WITH BREADBOARD
1. As I said above some breadboards will be difficult to insert IC‘s like 7805, LM317 etc. Due to the small sized holes.
2. I bought a new breadboard for Rs.80 in which some parts of the breadboard are not working. So you should be careful about it.
3. Some part of the breadboard may suddenly create problem. This problem will mostly eat your time. I have connected full circuit for my project and it was working properly two months ago. The circuit consist of a 7805 which convert adapter DC to 5V. Now when I switch ON power supply, the circuit is not working. On examination I found that the output voltage of 7805 is 1.1V even though input voltage to 7805 is >7.5. I was surprised to see this because I had done same circuit a month ago and no changes made in circuit. Then I used another breadboard especially for 7805 to make connections, surprisingly it is working fine giving 4.8-5V.Then I connected the output from that breadboard to my original board where circuit was connected. It is working fine. Then I again tried in same position it is not working giving output of adapter 3-4V and output of 7805 1.1V. I doubted if the voltage regulator input is low to regulate, so I increased the adapter to 9V from 7.5(my adapter has varying voltage starting from 1.5V, 3V...). Then the light of the adapter went off. Then I again increased voltage to 12V. Then also light is off. Now I decided for a new position of breadboard, where it worked properly. Then I increased voltage up to 13.5V. For all these input voltages to 7805 the input of 7805 still remained 3.5-3.7V and output .7-.8V. Finally I got a position of the breadboard where it worked fine. The problem was of the position in the breadboard which I used.
MULTIMETER
Multimeter is used to measure different parameters like voltage, current, resistance etc... In robotics you should use a multimeter which is capable of measuring voltage, résistance, continuity test, transistor (hfe). Cost of a multimeter depends on the number of quantities it can measure; even some multimeter's can test whether a diode is of Ge or Si. But we don't want that much costly multimeter. A cheap one which I use is about Rs.300 which has all the necessary facilities which we commonly uses (voltage, resistance, and continuity). See my multimeter
RESISTOR
Resistors offers a resistance to the flow of current And act as
voltage droppers or voltage dividers. They are "Passive Devices",
that is they contain no source of power or amplification but only
attenuates or reduce the voltage signal passing through them.
We mostly use resistance in this range
even though more power rating high
value resistors are available (power up to
600 watt and resistor value up to 1
giga ohm). So when you select a resistor
its value and power rating should be the
deciding parameter. Therefore for high
current operations we use resistance of
higher current ratings. The size of the
resistor determines its power rating (i.e.
as size/thickness increases power/current carrying capacity of
resistance increases)