04-01-2013, 12:04 PM
COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS OF C.I.ENGINE FUELED BY DI-ETHYL ETHER MIXED THEVETIA PERUVIANA SEED OIL
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ABSTRACT
In the present of high energy consumption in every sphere of life, renewable energy sources are emerging as alternative to conventional fuels for energy security, mitigating green house gas emission and climate change. There has been a world wide interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum derived fuels due to their depletion as well as due to the concern for the environment.
Vegetable oils have capability to solve this problem be cause they are renewable and lead to reduction in environmental pollution. But high smoke emission and lower thermal efficiency are the main problems associated with the use of neat vegetable oils in diesel engines.
In the present work, performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with 5% by vol. Diethyl Ether (DEE) mixed with Thevetia Peruvina Seed Oil (TPSO).
Various performance, combustion and emission characteristics such as thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption, maximum cylinder pressure, instantaneous heat release, cumulative heat release with respect to crank angle, ignition lag, combustion duration, HC, NOx, CO, exhaust temperature and smoke intensity were measured. Results are revealed that 5% DEE mixed with biodiesel gives improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.
Historically, any change in the prime energy source of a society has resulted in a revolution in the life style. Thus domestication of animals and resulting easy availability of draft animal power played a key role in transition from hunter-gatherer society, where human muscle power was the only source of energy to the agricultural society. Before the industrial revolution, which began around 200 years ago, people were essentially dependent on manual and animal labour. Energy requirements were met through food intake. Life was simple and unsophisticated, and the environment was relatively clean and pollution free. Then in 1785, the invention of steam engine by James Watt of Scotland brought industrial revolution. It was the beginning of the mechanical age or the age of machines. The advent of internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century gave further momentum to the tread. Gradually industrial revolution spread to the whole world and the need for huge quantity of energy realized.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF OIL CONSUMPTION
India's demand for petroleum products is likely to rise from 97.7 million tonnes in 2001-02 to around 139.95 million tonnes in 2006-07, according to projections of the Tenth Five-Year Plan.
The plan document puts compound annual growth rate (CAGR) at 3.6 % during the plan period. Domestic crude oil production is likely to rise marginally from 32.03 million tonnes in 2001-02 to 33.97 million tonnes by the end of the 10th plan period (2006-07). India’s self sufficiency in oil has consistently declined from 60% in the 50s to 30% currently. Same is expected to go down to 8% by 2020. As shown in the figure 1.8, around 92% of India’s total oil demand by 2020 has to be met by imports.
India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. India’s economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2007). The acid rain, global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like SOx, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere.
TRANSPORT FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
• It must be intrinsically safe for carriage, storage and handling
• Production of the fuel must be environmentally sound and produce no pollution
• Production of the fuel must be energy positive – that is, the production process should not consume more energy than that produce at the wheels, other than to utilize supply surplus.
• The energy density of the fuel must be such that sufficient quantity may be carried on the vehicle to achieve a reasonable travelling distance before refuelling.
• The fuel and its means of use should be cost – effective, comparable but not necessarily competitive with petroleum fuels at today’s prices.
• The infrastructure required to deliver the fuel to point of use must be cost-effective.
• The fuel must be ecologically sustainable.
PRESENT WORK
In the present work, an attempt has been made to extract oil from “MANJARALI SEED (Thevetia Peruviana)”. Di-Ethyl ether mixed thevetia peruviana seed oil (TPSO) was prepared using transesterification technique. Properties of the biodiesel were found as per the ASTM standard.
Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with 5% by vol. Diethyl Ether (DEE) mixed with Thevetia Peruvina Seed Oil (TPSO).
Various performance, combustion and emission characteristics such as thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption, maximum cylinder pressure, instantaneous heat release, cumulative heat release with respect to crank angle, ignition lag, combustion duration, HC, NOx, CO, exhaust temperature and smoke intensity were measured. Results are revealed that 5% DEE mixed with biodiesel gives improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics.
BIO-DIESEL
Bio-diesel is a renewable diesel fuel substitute that can be made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol Bio diesel refers to a non-petroleum based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters made by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrodiesel) in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. Bio diesel is distinguished from the straight vegetable oil (SVO) sometimes referred to an waste vegetable oil WVO, used vegetable oil, UVO, pure plant oil PPO used alone or blended as fuels in some converted diesel vehicles.
BIODIESEL – PRODUCTION
Bio diesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock. There are several methods for carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common batch process, supercritical process, ultrasonic methods and even microwave methods. Chemically transesterified bio diesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol (converted to sodium methoxide) to produce methyl esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can be used to produce an ethyl ester bio diesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the resulting ester at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction. A lipid transesterification production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters. A by-product of the transesterification process is the production of glycerol. For every one tone of bio diesel that is manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol is produced.
CONSTRAINTS WITH VEGETABLE OIL USING AS FUEL
The main problem associated with the use of vegetable oil as a main fuel in a diesel engine is high smoke emissions1,2. The combustion process of a diesel engine mainly depends on the fuel-air mixing rate. The combustion of vegetable oil is transient and less turbulent, so properties such as the boiling point, viscosity, and cetane number can increase the smoke emission. The boiling point affects vaporization, the viscosity affects atomization, and the cetane number relates to ignition delay, which is the time allowed for mixing before combustion begins.
CONCLUSION
A single-cylinder compression ignition engine was operated successfully on neat TPSO and TPSO with DEE injection. The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the experimental results at 3.5 kW load:
• Mixing of 5%DEE with TPSO increases the brake thermal efficiency. The brake thermal efficiency is 34.9% with 5% of DEE, with neat TPSO it is 28.2%, and with diesel it is 37.5%.
• A significant reduction in the smoke emission of an engine fueled with TPSO-DEE from 52.5 BSU with neat TPSO to 39.7 BSU with DEE was noticed. The reduction in smoke emission is due to better combustion of injected fuel in the hotter combustion chamber by the early-burning DEE.
• With DEE mixing, the HC reduction is 13.3% compared to that of neat TPSO. Also the CO level for DEE operation is 0.019% with the optimum quantity of DEE, which is 13.6% lower than that of neat TPSO.
• NOx emission increased from 450 ppm with TPSO to 360 ppm in the case of DEE. This is mainly due to the high premixed heat release with DEE.
[attachment=46434]
ABSTRACT
In the present of high energy consumption in every sphere of life, renewable energy sources are emerging as alternative to conventional fuels for energy security, mitigating green house gas emission and climate change. There has been a world wide interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum derived fuels due to their depletion as well as due to the concern for the environment.
Vegetable oils have capability to solve this problem be cause they are renewable and lead to reduction in environmental pollution. But high smoke emission and lower thermal efficiency are the main problems associated with the use of neat vegetable oils in diesel engines.
In the present work, performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with 5% by vol. Diethyl Ether (DEE) mixed with Thevetia Peruvina Seed Oil (TPSO).
Various performance, combustion and emission characteristics such as thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption, maximum cylinder pressure, instantaneous heat release, cumulative heat release with respect to crank angle, ignition lag, combustion duration, HC, NOx, CO, exhaust temperature and smoke intensity were measured. Results are revealed that 5% DEE mixed with biodiesel gives improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the major inputs for the economic development of any country. In the case of the developing countries, the energy sector assumes a critical importance in view of the ever-increasing energy needs requiring huge investments to meet them.
Historically, any change in the prime energy source of a society has resulted in a revolution in the life style. Thus domestication of animals and resulting easy availability of draft animal power played a key role in transition from hunter-gatherer society, where human muscle power was the only source of energy to the agricultural society. Before the industrial revolution, which began around 200 years ago, people were essentially dependent on manual and animal labour. Energy requirements were met through food intake. Life was simple and unsophisticated, and the environment was relatively clean and pollution free. Then in 1785, the invention of steam engine by James Watt of Scotland brought industrial revolution. It was the beginning of the mechanical age or the age of machines. The advent of internal combustion engine in the late nineteenth century gave further momentum to the tread. Gradually industrial revolution spread to the whole world and the need for huge quantity of energy realized.
INDIAN SCENARIO OF OIL CONSUMPTION
India's demand for petroleum products is likely to rise from 97.7 million tonnes in 2001-02 to around 139.95 million tonnes in 2006-07, according to projections of the Tenth Five-Year Plan.
The plan document puts compound annual growth rate (CAGR) at 3.6 % during the plan period. Domestic crude oil production is likely to rise marginally from 32.03 million tonnes in 2001-02 to 33.97 million tonnes by the end of the 10th plan period (2006-07). India’s self sufficiency in oil has consistently declined from 60% in the 50s to 30% currently. Same is expected to go down to 8% by 2020. As shown in the figure 1.8, around 92% of India’s total oil demand by 2020 has to be met by imports.
India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. India’s economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2007). The acid rain, global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like SOx, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere.
TRANSPORT FUEL CHARACTERISTICS
• It must be intrinsically safe for carriage, storage and handling
• Production of the fuel must be environmentally sound and produce no pollution
• Production of the fuel must be energy positive – that is, the production process should not consume more energy than that produce at the wheels, other than to utilize supply surplus.
• The energy density of the fuel must be such that sufficient quantity may be carried on the vehicle to achieve a reasonable travelling distance before refuelling.
• The fuel and its means of use should be cost – effective, comparable but not necessarily competitive with petroleum fuels at today’s prices.
• The infrastructure required to deliver the fuel to point of use must be cost-effective.
• The fuel must be ecologically sustainable.
PRESENT WORK
In the present work, an attempt has been made to extract oil from “MANJARALI SEED (Thevetia Peruviana)”. Di-Ethyl ether mixed thevetia peruviana seed oil (TPSO) was prepared using transesterification technique. Properties of the biodiesel were found as per the ASTM standard.
Performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with 5% by vol. Diethyl Ether (DEE) mixed with Thevetia Peruvina Seed Oil (TPSO).
Various performance, combustion and emission characteristics such as thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption, maximum cylinder pressure, instantaneous heat release, cumulative heat release with respect to crank angle, ignition lag, combustion duration, HC, NOx, CO, exhaust temperature and smoke intensity were measured. Results are revealed that 5% DEE mixed with biodiesel gives improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics.
BIO-DIESEL
Bio-diesel is a renewable diesel fuel substitute that can be made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol Bio diesel refers to a non-petroleum based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl (methyl or ethyl) esters made by transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat (tallow), which can be used (alone, or blended with conventional petrodiesel) in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. Bio diesel is distinguished from the straight vegetable oil (SVO) sometimes referred to an waste vegetable oil WVO, used vegetable oil, UVO, pure plant oil PPO used alone or blended as fuels in some converted diesel vehicles.
BIODIESEL – PRODUCTION
Bio diesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock. There are several methods for carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common batch process, supercritical process, ultrasonic methods and even microwave methods. Chemically transesterified bio diesel comprises a mix of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form uses methanol (converted to sodium methoxide) to produce methyl esters as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can be used to produce an ethyl ester bio diesel and higher alcohols such as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the resulting ester at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction. A lipid transesterification production process is used to convert the base oil to the desired esters. A by-product of the transesterification process is the production of glycerol. For every one tone of bio diesel that is manufactured, 100 kg of glycerol is produced.
CONSTRAINTS WITH VEGETABLE OIL USING AS FUEL
The main problem associated with the use of vegetable oil as a main fuel in a diesel engine is high smoke emissions1,2. The combustion process of a diesel engine mainly depends on the fuel-air mixing rate. The combustion of vegetable oil is transient and less turbulent, so properties such as the boiling point, viscosity, and cetane number can increase the smoke emission. The boiling point affects vaporization, the viscosity affects atomization, and the cetane number relates to ignition delay, which is the time allowed for mixing before combustion begins.
CONCLUSION
A single-cylinder compression ignition engine was operated successfully on neat TPSO and TPSO with DEE injection. The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the experimental results at 3.5 kW load:
• Mixing of 5%DEE with TPSO increases the brake thermal efficiency. The brake thermal efficiency is 34.9% with 5% of DEE, with neat TPSO it is 28.2%, and with diesel it is 37.5%.
• A significant reduction in the smoke emission of an engine fueled with TPSO-DEE from 52.5 BSU with neat TPSO to 39.7 BSU with DEE was noticed. The reduction in smoke emission is due to better combustion of injected fuel in the hotter combustion chamber by the early-burning DEE.
• With DEE mixing, the HC reduction is 13.3% compared to that of neat TPSO. Also the CO level for DEE operation is 0.019% with the optimum quantity of DEE, which is 13.6% lower than that of neat TPSO.
• NOx emission increased from 450 ppm with TPSO to 360 ppm in the case of DEE. This is mainly due to the high premixed heat release with DEE.