04-01-2013, 02:16 PM
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON A MIXED BIODIESEL FUELED DIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINE
[attachment=46470]
ABSTRACT
There has been a world wide interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum derived fuels due to their depletion as well as due to the concern for the environment. Biodiesel developed from non-edible oils promise to be a very important prospective alternative fuel for diesel engines in India. But, the availability of non-edible based biodiesel in the market is very low. In the present of high energy consumption in every sphere of life, renewable energy sources are emerging as alternative to conventional fuels for energy security, mitigating green house gas emission and climate change. Producing and using renewable fuels for transportation Vegetable oil derivatives, namely, biodiesel, are being used in smaller volumes in some of the present day diesel engines. Biodiesel developed from non-edible oils promise to be a very important prospective alternative fuel for diesel engines in India is one approach to a sustainable energy future for the world.
INTRODUCTION
India is home to over a billion people, about one-fifth of the world’s population. The population continues to grow at 1.93% per annum, which is well above the global average (India, 2007). The population of India has nearly tripled in the last 50 years, from 361 million in 1951 to 1.05 billion in 2007. The country’s economy has also been growing rapidly in the last decade, with real GDP growth rates remaining consistently over 8.9% (India, 2007). The petroleum products play on important role in our modern life. The costs of these products depend on international markets and petroleum reserves are limited to nearly 30 years.
India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. India’s economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2007). The acid rain, global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like SOx, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere.
Transport fuel characteristics
• It must be intrinsically safe for carriage, storage and handling
• Production of the fuel must be environmentally sound and produce no pollution
• Production of the fuel must be energy positive – that is, the production process should not consume more energy than that produce at the wheels, other than to utilize supply surplus.
• The energy density of the fuel must be such that sufficient quantity may be carried on the vehicle to achieve a reasonable travelling distance before refuelling.
• The fuel and its means of use should be cost – effective, comparable but not necessarily competitive with petroleum fuels at today’s prices.
• The infrastructure required to deliver the fuel to point of use must be cost-effective.
• The fuel must be ecologically sustainable.
Present Work
To study the application of mixed biodiesel (Methyl ester of Thevetia Peruviana, Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua and Neem Seed Oil) in CI Engines, by comparing its performance and emissions characteristics with Petrodiesel. It was observed that results revealed that comparable performance and emission characteristics with that of pure diesel operation.
VISCOSITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
High viscosity of vegetable oils has been reported by almost all researches as the major bottleneck in their use as fuel. To overcome this problem, various techniques have been successfully tried and the advances in this area are summarized below:
Preheating
• Since high viscosity is a major problem with vegetable oils, one possible solution is to heat the oils in order to reduce their viscosity or to heat the intake air in order to accelerate the evaporation of the vegetable oil in the engine.
• The oil viscosity was determined by using a redwood viscometer and density of the soil was calculated by a hydrometer.
Blending
• Blending refers to mixing of vegetable oil with other low viscosity fuels like Diesel, alcohol and others and it result in the reduction of the viscosity of the blends.
Micro emulsification
• Micro emulsification is a system consisting of a liquid dispersed in an immiscible liquid usually in droplets larger than colloidal size. The droplet size varying from 0.01 to 0.2m are generally considered as micro emulsifications.
Transesterification
Transesterification is most commonly used and important method to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oils. In this process triglycerides of five non-edible oils react with three molecules of alcohol in the presence of a catalyst producing a mixture of fatty acids, alkyl ester and glycerol. The process of removal of all the glycerol and the fatty acids from the vegetable oil in the presence of a catalyst is called esterification. This esterified vegetable oil is called bio-diesel. Biodiesel properties are similar to diesel fuel. After esterification of the vegetable oils its density, viscosity, cetane number, calorific values are improved more. So these improved properties give good performance in CI engine. Physical and chemical properties are more improved in esterified vegetable oil because esterified vegetable oil contains more cetane number than diesel fuel.
[attachment=46470]
ABSTRACT
There has been a world wide interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum derived fuels due to their depletion as well as due to the concern for the environment. Biodiesel developed from non-edible oils promise to be a very important prospective alternative fuel for diesel engines in India. But, the availability of non-edible based biodiesel in the market is very low. In the present of high energy consumption in every sphere of life, renewable energy sources are emerging as alternative to conventional fuels for energy security, mitigating green house gas emission and climate change. Producing and using renewable fuels for transportation Vegetable oil derivatives, namely, biodiesel, are being used in smaller volumes in some of the present day diesel engines. Biodiesel developed from non-edible oils promise to be a very important prospective alternative fuel for diesel engines in India is one approach to a sustainable energy future for the world.
INTRODUCTION
India is home to over a billion people, about one-fifth of the world’s population. The population continues to grow at 1.93% per annum, which is well above the global average (India, 2007). The population of India has nearly tripled in the last 50 years, from 361 million in 1951 to 1.05 billion in 2007. The country’s economy has also been growing rapidly in the last decade, with real GDP growth rates remaining consistently over 8.9% (India, 2007). The petroleum products play on important role in our modern life. The costs of these products depend on international markets and petroleum reserves are limited to nearly 30 years.
India is projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing at an annual rate of 6.8% from 1999 to 2020. India’s economy has often been unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market (India, 2007). The acid rain, global warming and health hazards are the results of ill effects of increased polluted gases like SOx, CO and particulate matter in atmosphere.
Transport fuel characteristics
• It must be intrinsically safe for carriage, storage and handling
• Production of the fuel must be environmentally sound and produce no pollution
• Production of the fuel must be energy positive – that is, the production process should not consume more energy than that produce at the wheels, other than to utilize supply surplus.
• The energy density of the fuel must be such that sufficient quantity may be carried on the vehicle to achieve a reasonable travelling distance before refuelling.
• The fuel and its means of use should be cost – effective, comparable but not necessarily competitive with petroleum fuels at today’s prices.
• The infrastructure required to deliver the fuel to point of use must be cost-effective.
• The fuel must be ecologically sustainable.
Present Work
To study the application of mixed biodiesel (Methyl ester of Thevetia Peruviana, Jatropha, Pongamia, Mahua and Neem Seed Oil) in CI Engines, by comparing its performance and emissions characteristics with Petrodiesel. It was observed that results revealed that comparable performance and emission characteristics with that of pure diesel operation.
VISCOSITY REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
High viscosity of vegetable oils has been reported by almost all researches as the major bottleneck in their use as fuel. To overcome this problem, various techniques have been successfully tried and the advances in this area are summarized below:
Preheating
• Since high viscosity is a major problem with vegetable oils, one possible solution is to heat the oils in order to reduce their viscosity or to heat the intake air in order to accelerate the evaporation of the vegetable oil in the engine.
• The oil viscosity was determined by using a redwood viscometer and density of the soil was calculated by a hydrometer.
Blending
• Blending refers to mixing of vegetable oil with other low viscosity fuels like Diesel, alcohol and others and it result in the reduction of the viscosity of the blends.
Micro emulsification
• Micro emulsification is a system consisting of a liquid dispersed in an immiscible liquid usually in droplets larger than colloidal size. The droplet size varying from 0.01 to 0.2m are generally considered as micro emulsifications.
Transesterification
Transesterification is most commonly used and important method to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oils. In this process triglycerides of five non-edible oils react with three molecules of alcohol in the presence of a catalyst producing a mixture of fatty acids, alkyl ester and glycerol. The process of removal of all the glycerol and the fatty acids from the vegetable oil in the presence of a catalyst is called esterification. This esterified vegetable oil is called bio-diesel. Biodiesel properties are similar to diesel fuel. After esterification of the vegetable oils its density, viscosity, cetane number, calorific values are improved more. So these improved properties give good performance in CI engine. Physical and chemical properties are more improved in esterified vegetable oil because esterified vegetable oil contains more cetane number than diesel fuel.