09-02-2013, 04:25 PM
Production of Biodiesel from Guizotia abyssinica seed oil using
crystalline Manganese carbonate (MnCO3) a Green catalyst.
[attachment=50414]
Abstract
The study is devoted to transesterification of Guizotia abyssinica seed
oil using 1% crystalline manganese carbonate (MnCO3) as catalyst at
60°C giving yield of 95%. Guizotia abyssinica as a nontraditional seed
oil obtained from minor oil seed crop was explored for the potential of
biodiesel synthesis. An attempt was made to use pure crystalline, ash
coloured manganese carbonate as a green catalyst and heterogeneous
catalyst for the production of methyl esters as fuel from Guizotia abyssinica
seed oil.
Introduction
Petroleum sourced fuels is now widely accepted as nonrenewable
due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental
degradation. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are
necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. The
rising prices of petroleum fuels, depletion of oil reserves and
stiff regulations on exhaust emission have necessitated the
substitution of fossil fuel with less polluting and easily available
renewable fuels for use in internal combustion engines. The
development of biodiesel as a renewable alternative source of
energy for the mechanized agricultural and transportation sector
has become a national critical effort towards maximum selfreliance
for the cornerstone of energy security strategy. Biodiesel
fuel is considered to be environmentally friendly fuel because
of its renewability, high biodegradability, low pollutant emission,
high flash point and excellent lubricity. It is well known that 1kg
of biodiesel fuel atomization could reduce 3.2kg of CO2; the
incomplete combustion and carbon deposition on the injector
and valve seats leads to severe engine problems. This is due to
the higher viscosity of vegetable oil over diesel. To overcome this
problem, lowering the viscosity of vegetable oil, transesterification
was found to be the best suited procedure [1-4].
Analysis of Vegetable oil
Extracted oil was then subjected to Gas chromatography to
determine the composition. The samples were analyzed with
a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph, equipped with a
splitless injection system. Helium was used as a carrier gas.
Instrument conditions were: column oven temperature - 75°C,
injection temperature - 280°C, flow control mode in linear velocity
with 26.0 cm/sec, total flow 14.0 ml/min, column flow 1.0 ml/
min, purge flow 3.0 ml/min, pressure 131.6 Kpa, where as the
split ratio 10.0. Samples were prepared for analysis by adding
approximately 0.05 gm of oil phase to 5 ml of n-Hexane. About
1ml of this mixture was put in to the GC auto sampler vials. Two
micro liters of the sample were injected into the column. The
obtained results for fatty acid compositions of crude Guizotia
abyssinica oil are shown in Table 1. Guizotia abyssinia oil has
0.05% free fatty acid and 0.06 % moisture content. The major
fatty acids in Guizotia abyssinica oil are linoleic, stearic, oleic
and palmitic acids.
Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Gas chromatography is currently the most widely used method for
the analysis of biodiesel, due to its higher accuracy in quantifying
of minor components [17]. The samples were analyzed using the
same instrument and procedure mentioned previously. Methyl
palmitate was used as an internal standard. A stock solution
of hexane with a known amount of methyl palmitate was used
for analysis. Samples were prepared for analysis by adding
approximately 0.05 g of oil phase to 5 ml of n-hexane. About 1ml
of this mixture was put into GC auto sampler vials. Two micro
liters of the sample were injected into the column. The results
of FAME components from Guizotia abyssinica oil analysis are
shown in Table 2.
Reuse of catalyst
The efficiency of the catalyst remains the same even after seven
successive runs. The biodiesel yield after the first run is also 95%
and the further obtained biodiesel yield is almost identical, with a
slight decrease from second to sixth run. There is little loss in the
catalyst quantity during the workup process. The biodiesel yield
after the first and second run is 95%, after third and fourth run -
94.5% and 94% respectively. Finally the biodiesel yield after fifth
and sixth runs is 93.5% and 93.5% respectively. A yield of 93.5%
after six runs shows the efficiency of this catalyst and allows us to
conclude that the leaching of manganese carbonate is negligible.
Fuel properties of Guizotia abyssinica methyl esters
The properties of Guizotia abyssinica methyl esters were studied
and obtained results were compared with ASTM biodiesel
standards. The results are shown in Table 3. Viscosity of the
Guizotia abyssinica methyl ester is within the range compared
to standard and therefore there is no negative impact on the fuel
injector’s system performance. Flash point measurement results
shows the tendency of the sample to form flammable mixture
with air under controlled laboratory conditions. This is the only
property that must be considered in estimation of the overall
inflammability hazard of the material. The flash point of Guizotia
abyssinica methyl esters is 130°C and is safe for transport.
crystalline Manganese carbonate (MnCO3) a Green catalyst.
[attachment=50414]
Abstract
The study is devoted to transesterification of Guizotia abyssinica seed
oil using 1% crystalline manganese carbonate (MnCO3) as catalyst at
60°C giving yield of 95%. Guizotia abyssinica as a nontraditional seed
oil obtained from minor oil seed crop was explored for the potential of
biodiesel synthesis. An attempt was made to use pure crystalline, ash
coloured manganese carbonate as a green catalyst and heterogeneous
catalyst for the production of methyl esters as fuel from Guizotia abyssinica
seed oil.
Introduction
Petroleum sourced fuels is now widely accepted as nonrenewable
due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental
degradation. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are
necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. The
rising prices of petroleum fuels, depletion of oil reserves and
stiff regulations on exhaust emission have necessitated the
substitution of fossil fuel with less polluting and easily available
renewable fuels for use in internal combustion engines. The
development of biodiesel as a renewable alternative source of
energy for the mechanized agricultural and transportation sector
has become a national critical effort towards maximum selfreliance
for the cornerstone of energy security strategy. Biodiesel
fuel is considered to be environmentally friendly fuel because
of its renewability, high biodegradability, low pollutant emission,
high flash point and excellent lubricity. It is well known that 1kg
of biodiesel fuel atomization could reduce 3.2kg of CO2; the
incomplete combustion and carbon deposition on the injector
and valve seats leads to severe engine problems. This is due to
the higher viscosity of vegetable oil over diesel. To overcome this
problem, lowering the viscosity of vegetable oil, transesterification
was found to be the best suited procedure [1-4].
Analysis of Vegetable oil
Extracted oil was then subjected to Gas chromatography to
determine the composition. The samples were analyzed with
a Shimadzu GC-2010 gas chromatograph, equipped with a
splitless injection system. Helium was used as a carrier gas.
Instrument conditions were: column oven temperature - 75°C,
injection temperature - 280°C, flow control mode in linear velocity
with 26.0 cm/sec, total flow 14.0 ml/min, column flow 1.0 ml/
min, purge flow 3.0 ml/min, pressure 131.6 Kpa, where as the
split ratio 10.0. Samples were prepared for analysis by adding
approximately 0.05 gm of oil phase to 5 ml of n-Hexane. About
1ml of this mixture was put in to the GC auto sampler vials. Two
micro liters of the sample were injected into the column. The
obtained results for fatty acid compositions of crude Guizotia
abyssinica oil are shown in Table 1. Guizotia abyssinia oil has
0.05% free fatty acid and 0.06 % moisture content. The major
fatty acids in Guizotia abyssinica oil are linoleic, stearic, oleic
and palmitic acids.
Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Gas chromatography is currently the most widely used method for
the analysis of biodiesel, due to its higher accuracy in quantifying
of minor components [17]. The samples were analyzed using the
same instrument and procedure mentioned previously. Methyl
palmitate was used as an internal standard. A stock solution
of hexane with a known amount of methyl palmitate was used
for analysis. Samples were prepared for analysis by adding
approximately 0.05 g of oil phase to 5 ml of n-hexane. About 1ml
of this mixture was put into GC auto sampler vials. Two micro
liters of the sample were injected into the column. The results
of FAME components from Guizotia abyssinica oil analysis are
shown in Table 2.
Reuse of catalyst
The efficiency of the catalyst remains the same even after seven
successive runs. The biodiesel yield after the first run is also 95%
and the further obtained biodiesel yield is almost identical, with a
slight decrease from second to sixth run. There is little loss in the
catalyst quantity during the workup process. The biodiesel yield
after the first and second run is 95%, after third and fourth run -
94.5% and 94% respectively. Finally the biodiesel yield after fifth
and sixth runs is 93.5% and 93.5% respectively. A yield of 93.5%
after six runs shows the efficiency of this catalyst and allows us to
conclude that the leaching of manganese carbonate is negligible.
Fuel properties of Guizotia abyssinica methyl esters
The properties of Guizotia abyssinica methyl esters were studied
and obtained results were compared with ASTM biodiesel
standards. The results are shown in Table 3. Viscosity of the
Guizotia abyssinica methyl ester is within the range compared
to standard and therefore there is no negative impact on the fuel
injector’s system performance. Flash point measurement results
shows the tendency of the sample to form flammable mixture
with air under controlled laboratory conditions. This is the only
property that must be considered in estimation of the overall
inflammability hazard of the material. The flash point of Guizotia
abyssinica methyl esters is 130°C and is safe for transport.