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THERMODYNAMICS

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THERMODYNAMICS


Understanding P vs V curves is crucial to understanding the processes of heat engines.
The four types of processes are:
Isobaric
Isovolumetric
Isothermal
Adiabatic


Isobaric Change


Constant pressure

If volume increases, work is done by the gas (-W)

If work is done on the gas (+W), volume decreases




Isovolumetric Change


Constant volume

If internal energy goes up, pressure goes up

If internal energy goes down, pressure goes down



Cyclic Processes and Energy Conservation


Combining the isobaric and isovolumetric processes results in a cycle illustration how heat can be converted into work.

THERMODYNAMICS

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THERMODYNAMIC is the branch of science that deals with the different forms of energy, the quantitative relationships between them and the energy changes that occur in physical and chemical processes.

Limitation of thermodynamics

It gives no information regarding the rates at which physical & chemical processes occur.
Thermodynamic does not describe the system while the changes are taking place. It deals only with initial & final state of the system.
Thermodynamics deals only with the properties of macroscopic system(large number of entities like atoms,ions,)

State

The measurable thermodynamic properties such as temperature,pressure,volume;those properties are called State variable
The value of these all macroscopic properties is called STATE of the system.
Change of state

State function

Any property of the system whose value depends on the current state of the system & is independent of the path followed to reach that state is called State function.
On other words property of system whose value depend on path used to reach a perticular state is called path function

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when the state function of the system do not change with time.
Ex. Closed cylinder contain definite volume with some pressure & temperature then cylinder in thermodynamic equilibrium but as soon as piston moved its not in thermodynamic equilibrium
And again when piston stopped the new thermodynamic equilibrium arises