08-06-2013, 12:40 PM
AUTOMATION
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Introduction to Automation:
Automation is the technology by which a process is accomplished without human assistance. It is implemented by program of instructions combined with a control system.
Basic Elements of an Automated System
Power to Accomplish the Automated Process and operate the system.
Program of instructions to direct the process.
Control System to actuate the instructions.
Advanced Automation Functions
Safety Monitoring
Maintenance and repair Diagnostics
Error Detection and Recovery
Level of Automation
Power to Accomplish the Automated Process
Power is required to drive the process and controls. The principal source of power is electricity.
Advantages of Electrical power are :
-Widely available at moderate cost.
-Can be converted to mechanical. Thermal, light, acoustic and pneumatic energies.
-power at low intensity levels can be used to accomplish functions such as signal transmission, information processing, data storage and communication.
-Can be stored in long-life batteries for use.
Power for Process
Manufacturing process like casting, forging, heat treatment, machining etc consume power to accomplish operation on the work piece. Power for each operation is usually converted from electrical energy.
Alternate power sources like fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc), solar, water and wind energy are vary rarely used in automation. In casting and heat treatment, the furnace may be heated by fossil fuels, but control system to regulate temperature and time cycle is electrically operated.
Power for Automation:
Controller Unit – digital computers required electrical power to read program, make control calculations and execute the instructions.
Power to actuate the control signals – controller unit such as electromechanical devices (switches, motors, actuators, etc.) are require power to operate.
Data acquisition & information Processing-
Program of Instructions:
It defines the action of Automated manufacturing system. The processing steps are performed during the work cycle. Work cycle program are called part program in NC.
Work cycle program may be simple with one step for example maintaining the temperature of furnace during heat treatment for a given time or program may be multi step like loading, performing the operation & unloading the part as it happens in many production operations.
Control System
Program is executed by control system. The controls in an automated system can be either
Closed loop control system or
Open loop control system
A closed loop control system also called feedback control system, is one in which the output variable is compared with the input parameter, and any difference between the two is used to drive the output in agreement with the input.
Error Detection and Recovery
The term error detection and recovery is used when computer performs the functions of error detection and error recovery.
Error Detection: It uses the automated system available sensor systems to determine when a deviation or malfunction has occurred correctly interpret the sensor signal and classify the error. Possible errors can be classified into,
1. Random Errors.
2. Systematic Errors.
3. Aberrations.
[attachment=55002]
Introduction to Automation:
Automation is the technology by which a process is accomplished without human assistance. It is implemented by program of instructions combined with a control system.
Basic Elements of an Automated System
Power to Accomplish the Automated Process and operate the system.
Program of instructions to direct the process.
Control System to actuate the instructions.
Advanced Automation Functions
Safety Monitoring
Maintenance and repair Diagnostics
Error Detection and Recovery
Level of Automation
Power to Accomplish the Automated Process
Power is required to drive the process and controls. The principal source of power is electricity.
Advantages of Electrical power are :
-Widely available at moderate cost.
-Can be converted to mechanical. Thermal, light, acoustic and pneumatic energies.
-power at low intensity levels can be used to accomplish functions such as signal transmission, information processing, data storage and communication.
-Can be stored in long-life batteries for use.
Power for Process
Manufacturing process like casting, forging, heat treatment, machining etc consume power to accomplish operation on the work piece. Power for each operation is usually converted from electrical energy.
Alternate power sources like fossil fuels (coal, oil, etc), solar, water and wind energy are vary rarely used in automation. In casting and heat treatment, the furnace may be heated by fossil fuels, but control system to regulate temperature and time cycle is electrically operated.
Power for Automation:
Controller Unit – digital computers required electrical power to read program, make control calculations and execute the instructions.
Power to actuate the control signals – controller unit such as electromechanical devices (switches, motors, actuators, etc.) are require power to operate.
Data acquisition & information Processing-
Program of Instructions:
It defines the action of Automated manufacturing system. The processing steps are performed during the work cycle. Work cycle program are called part program in NC.
Work cycle program may be simple with one step for example maintaining the temperature of furnace during heat treatment for a given time or program may be multi step like loading, performing the operation & unloading the part as it happens in many production operations.
Control System
Program is executed by control system. The controls in an automated system can be either
Closed loop control system or
Open loop control system
A closed loop control system also called feedback control system, is one in which the output variable is compared with the input parameter, and any difference between the two is used to drive the output in agreement with the input.
Error Detection and Recovery
The term error detection and recovery is used when computer performs the functions of error detection and error recovery.
Error Detection: It uses the automated system available sensor systems to determine when a deviation or malfunction has occurred correctly interpret the sensor signal and classify the error. Possible errors can be classified into,
1. Random Errors.
2. Systematic Errors.
3. Aberrations.