30-07-2013, 02:32 PM
Nanotechnology in solar cells and its development
[attachment=56821]
Introduction
Solar Energy is the energy received from the sun that sustains life on earth.
solar energy has been considered as a huge source of energy and also an economical source of energy because it is freely available.
Solar energy is also using in cooking, heating, automobile, electronics, cooling, lighting, space technology and for communications among other uses.
Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).
In fact, fossil fuels are also one of solar energy stored in organic matter.
Solar energy has increased in its importance to industries and homes.
Surface on the Earth’s orbit, normal to the sun, solar radiation hits at the rate of 1,366 Watt Per Meter Square.
History
1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in electrolyte would create an electric current.
1941: American Russell Ohl invented a PN junction of silicon solar cell.
The dye sensitized solar cell was developed in 1992 by Graetzel (EPFL, Laussane, Switzerland) and utilizes nanocrystalline TiO2 as the photo absorber.
Nanotechnolgy used for solar cells
Nanotechnology in hybrid solar cells design could further improve the performance and reduce the cost of PV cells and modules.
Basic principles, mechanism and challenges within three key areas of nanotechnology have been discussed from a clean energy prospective.
Nanotechnology might be able to increase the efficiency of solar cells, but the most promising application of nanotechnology is the reduction of manufacturing cost.
The nanorods behave as wires because when they absorb light of a specific wavelength they generate electrons.
These electrons flow through the nanorods until they reach the aluminium electrodes where they are combined to form a current and are used as electricity.
Traditional photovoltaic cells
Extensive research has been performed with crystalline, multicrystalline , thin film polycrystalline and amorphous solar cells to maximize cell efficiency as well as to reduce material size and cost.
Thin film CIGS technology is very promising for high efficiency at economic price.
Nanopareticles of Cu, In, and Ga oxide is coated on a Mo foil or a non conducting substrate, improving cell efficiency to 8.9% on polyimide 13.0% on Mo foil and 13.6% on glass substrate.
Mono or Multi crystalline silicon solar cells have three wafer properties- 1)Lifetime
2) Thickness 3)Resistivity.
Hot carrier solar cells
The most challenging approach of generating electricity from
sunlight is hot carrier solar cells.
The hot carrier solar cells, which utilize selective energy contacts
to extract light generated hot carriers from semiconductor
regions .
Hot carrier solar cells convert their excess energy to heat into
semiconductor lattice.
The optimizing both extraction energy and the bond gap of the
absorber .
The hot carrier solar cell achieves very high efficiency.
According to ROSS and NOZIK the efficiency limit of 66% for a hot
carrier conversion system is grater than an ideal
thermal system 52%, and for a quantum system.
The chemical potential of a excited and is negative which reduces
radiation losses, and permits a low threshold energy.
Conclusion
The development of an emerging technology,
nanotechnology solar cells, such as thin film solar cells.
Nanotechnology thin film solar cells as of mid 2008. Based on science citation index. The US also leads in term of citation intensity of its publications a measure of impact or quality.
Comparing the leading in research in this emerging technology finds today’s unusual aspects – JAPAN, GERMANY
and CHINA.
[attachment=56821]
Introduction
Solar Energy is the energy received from the sun that sustains life on earth.
solar energy has been considered as a huge source of energy and also an economical source of energy because it is freely available.
Solar energy is also using in cooking, heating, automobile, electronics, cooling, lighting, space technology and for communications among other uses.
Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).
In fact, fossil fuels are also one of solar energy stored in organic matter.
Solar energy has increased in its importance to industries and homes.
Surface on the Earth’s orbit, normal to the sun, solar radiation hits at the rate of 1,366 Watt Per Meter Square.
History
1839: French physicist Antoine-Cesar Becquerel observed that shining light on an electrode submerged in electrolyte would create an electric current.
1941: American Russell Ohl invented a PN junction of silicon solar cell.
The dye sensitized solar cell was developed in 1992 by Graetzel (EPFL, Laussane, Switzerland) and utilizes nanocrystalline TiO2 as the photo absorber.
Nanotechnolgy used for solar cells
Nanotechnology in hybrid solar cells design could further improve the performance and reduce the cost of PV cells and modules.
Basic principles, mechanism and challenges within three key areas of nanotechnology have been discussed from a clean energy prospective.
Nanotechnology might be able to increase the efficiency of solar cells, but the most promising application of nanotechnology is the reduction of manufacturing cost.
The nanorods behave as wires because when they absorb light of a specific wavelength they generate electrons.
These electrons flow through the nanorods until they reach the aluminium electrodes where they are combined to form a current and are used as electricity.
Traditional photovoltaic cells
Extensive research has been performed with crystalline, multicrystalline , thin film polycrystalline and amorphous solar cells to maximize cell efficiency as well as to reduce material size and cost.
Thin film CIGS technology is very promising for high efficiency at economic price.
Nanopareticles of Cu, In, and Ga oxide is coated on a Mo foil or a non conducting substrate, improving cell efficiency to 8.9% on polyimide 13.0% on Mo foil and 13.6% on glass substrate.
Mono or Multi crystalline silicon solar cells have three wafer properties- 1)Lifetime
2) Thickness 3)Resistivity.
Hot carrier solar cells
The most challenging approach of generating electricity from
sunlight is hot carrier solar cells.
The hot carrier solar cells, which utilize selective energy contacts
to extract light generated hot carriers from semiconductor
regions .
Hot carrier solar cells convert their excess energy to heat into
semiconductor lattice.
The optimizing both extraction energy and the bond gap of the
absorber .
The hot carrier solar cell achieves very high efficiency.
According to ROSS and NOZIK the efficiency limit of 66% for a hot
carrier conversion system is grater than an ideal
thermal system 52%, and for a quantum system.
The chemical potential of a excited and is negative which reduces
radiation losses, and permits a low threshold energy.
Conclusion
The development of an emerging technology,
nanotechnology solar cells, such as thin film solar cells.
Nanotechnology thin film solar cells as of mid 2008. Based on science citation index. The US also leads in term of citation intensity of its publications a measure of impact or quality.
Comparing the leading in research in this emerging technology finds today’s unusual aspects – JAPAN, GERMANY
and CHINA.