23-09-2013, 04:17 PM
Seminar Report on Military Radar System
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ABSTRACT
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects by transmitting electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the echoes. Radar finds a number of applications such as in airport traffic control, military purposes, coastal navigation, meteorology and mapping etc. Military radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as well as ground.
This report discusses about the military radar system. Radar system uses the general antenna properties. Radar is used in early warning, altering along with weapon control functions. This report gives the view of configuration of a typical military radar, data flow in a typical radar system, operating the radar, system functions, various terminal equipments used along with their functions, functional description of radar subsystem, some of the important parts of the radar such as transmitter unit, receiver unit, antenna, AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) etc., advanced features of the radar, advantages and limitations of the military radar system. This report also describes the target tracking, firing control, weapon aiming process using military radar.
INTRODUCTION
Radar is an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. A radar is an electro-magnetic device capable of transmitting a electro-magnetic wave near 1-110 Ghz, receives back a reflection from a target and based on the characteristics of the returned signal determine things about the target.
Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detction and location of reflecting objects such as aircraft, ship, spacecraft, vehicles, people and the natural environment. it operates by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or target. The reflected energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the presence of a target, but by comparing the received echo signal with the signal that was transmitted, its location can be deterined along with othertarget –related information. Radar can perform its function at long or short distences and under the conditions impervious to optical and infrared sensors. It can operate in darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow. Its ability to measure distance with very high accuracy and in all wheather is on of its most important attributes.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RADAR
A transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal (such as sine wave) that is radiated into the space by using an antenna. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and reradiated in many directions. The reradiation directed back towards the radar is collected by the radar antenna which delivers it to the receiver. There it is processed to detect the presence of the target and determine is location.
FIRST USE OF RADAR IN MILITARY
During the 1930s, efforts to use radio echoes for aircraft detection were initiated independently and almost simultaneously in eight countries that were concerned with the prevailing military situation and that already had practical experience with radio technology. The United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, the Soviet Union, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan all began experimenting with radar within about two years of one another and embarked, with varying degrees of motivation and success, on its development for military purposes. Several of these countries had some form of operational radar equipment in military service at the start of World War II.
The first observation of the radar effect at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C., was made in 1922. NRL researchers positioned a radio transmitter on one shore of the Potomac River and a receiver on the other. A ship sailing on the river unexpectedly caused fluctuations in the intensity of the received signals when it passed between the transmitter and receiver.
The first radars developed by the U.S. Army were the SCR-268 (at a frequency of 205 MHz) for controlling antiaircraft gunfire and the SCR-270 (at a frequency of 100 MHz) for detecting aircraft. Both of these radars were available at the start of World War II, as was the navy’s CXAM shipboard surveillance radar (at a frequency of 200 MHz). It was an SCR-270, one of six available in Hawaii at the time, that detected the approach of Japanese warplanes toward Pearl Harbor, near Honolulu, on December 7, 1941; however, the significance of the radar observations was not appreciated until bombs began to fall.
OPERATING THE RADAR
The operator’s main task is to watch the PPI (Plan Position Indicator) display, which presents only moving targets in the normal mode (MTI-MODE). Detected target can be assigned with the joystick controlled order marker to initiate target tracking. Target tracking is started and a track marker appears over the target echo. A label is displayed near the track marker. The system computer in the processor unit processes data on this tracked target. When an aircraft does not respond to the IFF interrogation it is considered to be unknown.
CONCLUSION
Military radars are one of the most important requirements during the wartime, which can be used for early detection of ballistic missile and also for accurate target detection and firing. Radar system discussed here has a built in threat evaluation program which automatically puts the target in a threat sequence, and advises the weapon crew which target can be engaged first. Most essential, the target data is available to the weapon crew in time, so they can prepare themselves to engage the ‘best’ target for their specific weapon location.
[attachment=58223]
ABSTRACT
RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects by transmitting electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the echoes. Radar finds a number of applications such as in airport traffic control, military purposes, coastal navigation, meteorology and mapping etc. Military radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as well as ground.
This report discusses about the military radar system. Radar system uses the general antenna properties. Radar is used in early warning, altering along with weapon control functions. This report gives the view of configuration of a typical military radar, data flow in a typical radar system, operating the radar, system functions, various terminal equipments used along with their functions, functional description of radar subsystem, some of the important parts of the radar such as transmitter unit, receiver unit, antenna, AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) etc., advanced features of the radar, advantages and limitations of the military radar system. This report also describes the target tracking, firing control, weapon aiming process using military radar.
INTRODUCTION
Radar is an acronym for Radio Detection And Ranging. A radar is an electro-magnetic device capable of transmitting a electro-magnetic wave near 1-110 Ghz, receives back a reflection from a target and based on the characteristics of the returned signal determine things about the target.
Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detction and location of reflecting objects such as aircraft, ship, spacecraft, vehicles, people and the natural environment. it operates by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object, or target. The reflected energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the presence of a target, but by comparing the received echo signal with the signal that was transmitted, its location can be deterined along with othertarget –related information. Radar can perform its function at long or short distences and under the conditions impervious to optical and infrared sensors. It can operate in darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow. Its ability to measure distance with very high accuracy and in all wheather is on of its most important attributes.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RADAR
A transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal (such as sine wave) that is radiated into the space by using an antenna. A portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and reradiated in many directions. The reradiation directed back towards the radar is collected by the radar antenna which delivers it to the receiver. There it is processed to detect the presence of the target and determine is location.
FIRST USE OF RADAR IN MILITARY
During the 1930s, efforts to use radio echoes for aircraft detection were initiated independently and almost simultaneously in eight countries that were concerned with the prevailing military situation and that already had practical experience with radio technology. The United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, the Soviet Union, Italy, the Netherlands, and Japan all began experimenting with radar within about two years of one another and embarked, with varying degrees of motivation and success, on its development for military purposes. Several of these countries had some form of operational radar equipment in military service at the start of World War II.
The first observation of the radar effect at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C., was made in 1922. NRL researchers positioned a radio transmitter on one shore of the Potomac River and a receiver on the other. A ship sailing on the river unexpectedly caused fluctuations in the intensity of the received signals when it passed between the transmitter and receiver.
The first radars developed by the U.S. Army were the SCR-268 (at a frequency of 205 MHz) for controlling antiaircraft gunfire and the SCR-270 (at a frequency of 100 MHz) for detecting aircraft. Both of these radars were available at the start of World War II, as was the navy’s CXAM shipboard surveillance radar (at a frequency of 200 MHz). It was an SCR-270, one of six available in Hawaii at the time, that detected the approach of Japanese warplanes toward Pearl Harbor, near Honolulu, on December 7, 1941; however, the significance of the radar observations was not appreciated until bombs began to fall.
OPERATING THE RADAR
The operator’s main task is to watch the PPI (Plan Position Indicator) display, which presents only moving targets in the normal mode (MTI-MODE). Detected target can be assigned with the joystick controlled order marker to initiate target tracking. Target tracking is started and a track marker appears over the target echo. A label is displayed near the track marker. The system computer in the processor unit processes data on this tracked target. When an aircraft does not respond to the IFF interrogation it is considered to be unknown.
CONCLUSION
Military radars are one of the most important requirements during the wartime, which can be used for early detection of ballistic missile and also for accurate target detection and firing. Radar system discussed here has a built in threat evaluation program which automatically puts the target in a threat sequence, and advises the weapon crew which target can be engaged first. Most essential, the target data is available to the weapon crew in time, so they can prepare themselves to engage the ‘best’ target for their specific weapon location.
