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Abstract:
In today's world, traffic safety is a major problem. Traffic accidents result in more than half a million casualties each year and are associated with serious injuries and extensive material losses. Therefore, special attention is given to those technologies that can reduce the number and severity of road events. Inter-vehicle communication (IVC) and vehicle to road communication (VRC) are considered to have extensive potential for the development of efficient safety systems installed in vehicles, so in order to work these systems more efficiently, suitable innovative system to be implemented.
This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art in wireless communication technology within vehicles, as well as between vehicles. Different concepts associated with radio frequency bands and wave propagation simulations as they apply to inter-vehicle communication are analyzed. The Medium Access Control (MAC) layer protocols used in inter-vehicle communication are addressed, as are routing protocols. Security issues associated with inter-vehicle communication are reviewed. The intra-vehicle uses of wireless communication, and vehicle-to-roadside communication, are also researched. Lastly, a real-life implementation of vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle technology, and CALM defines five communication scenarios, are analyzed

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Inter/Intra-Vehicle Wireless Communication

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Abstract:

This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art in wireless communication technology within vehicles, as well
as between vehicles. Different concepts associated with radio frequency bands and wave propagation
simulations as they apply to inter-vehicle communication are analyzed. The Medium Access Control (MAC)
layer protocols used in inter-vehicle communication are addressed, as are routing protocols. Security issues
associated with inter-vehicle communication are reviewed. The intra-vehicle uses of wireless communication,
and vehicle-to-roadside communication, are also researched. Lastly, a real-life implementation of
vehicle-to-infrastructure and vehicle-to-vehicle technology, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) standards that support it, are analyzed.

Introduction

Road and traffic safety can be improved if drivers have the ability to see further down the road and know if a
collision has occurred, or if they are approaching a traffic jam. This can become possible if drivers and
vehicles communicate with each other and with roadside base stations. If traffic information was provided to
drivers, police, and other authorities, the roads would be safer and traveling on them would become more
efficient.

Radio Bands Used in Inter-Vehicle Communication

This section discusses the different frequency bands that can be used in IVC. Bluetooth and Ultra-Wideband
(UWB) technologies are explored in some detail.
It is possible for communicating vehicles to use both infrared and radio waves. VHF and microwaves are a
type of broadcast communication while infrared and millimeter waves are a type of directional
communication. Microwaves are used most often, as cited in [Hubaux04]. For instance, 75 MHz is allotted in
the 5.9 GHz band for dedicated short range communication (DSRC). It is possible to use Bluetooth, which
operates in the 2.4 GHz industry, science, and medicine (ISM) band, to set up the communication between
two vehicles. It is reliable up to a speed of 80 km/h and range of 80 m. However, it can take up to 3 seconds
to establish the communication. Also, since Bluetooth requires a master and slave setup, the master could
potentially refuse a communication request. In addition, the master may already be communicating with
another slave, which would lower the possible communication rate.

Wave Propagation Simulations in Inter-Vehicle Communication

This section analyzes different predictive techniques and models that can be utilized in IVC. Direct and
reflected waves are described, as well as ray tracing and multi-path components.
There is interest in the use of the 60 GHz band for inter-vehicle communication. Since a vehicle can
communicate with other vehicles both in front and behind it, the line-of-sight (LOS) condition is used to
obtain the propagation path. To predict the amount of power received in the LOS case, a 2-wave model can be
used. The model contains a direct wave and a wave reflected from the surface of the road. It determines the
propagation path loss. The distance between the sending and receiving antennas, as well as the height of the
antennas, are variables in the model, but the undulation of the road is not considered. These undulations cause
variations in the amplitude and phase shift of the wave reflected from the road. This wave can be calculated
by using a reflection coefficient determined from the complex refractive index of asphalt at 60 GHz
(n=2-j0.05).

Medium Access Control (MAC) in Inter-Vehicle Communication

This section summarizes MAC protocol specifics as they apply within IVC. Performance measurements are
reviewed, and several new concepts are presented.
An ad-hoc network between vehicles is better suited for vehicle communications than centralized service. The
centralized architecture is not very efficient since information has to go from one vehicle to a central base
station and then back to another vehicle. Wireless connectivity between moving vehicles can be provided by
existing 802.11 compliant devices. Data rates of up to 54 Mbps can be achieved with 802.11a hardware. This
type of communication can be made affordable if the unlicensed ISM bands are used. Compared to indoor
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) uses, vehicular traffic scenarios have greater challenges. These are
caused by the varying driving speeds, traffic patterns, and driving environments.