14-08-2012, 11:56 AM
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT
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INTRODUCTION
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was introduced by the Kyoto Protocol. Kyoto Protocol is a legally binding program to reduce Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, which was ratified in 2005 and has an effective period through end of 2012. Clean Development Mechanism may be also called as a provision for the sale of the emission reductions by the developing countries to the developed countries.
It provides a financial incentive to establish project activities in developing countries for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while also fostering sustainable development. It is seen that waste management project activities play an important role in achieving the aims of the CDM, which are mainly science driven and are policy-based process where many actions can be done at the local level. . Maximization of productivity of the ecosystems and access of the poor remain as the central issues. It describes how these activities have to prove additionality, how the emission reductions must be calculated and monitored in order to be eligible and in order to lead to Certified Emission Reductions (CERs). CDM faces various challenges to apply its schemes in the waste management project activities, which require a new specific set of technical skills and regulatory standards.
GREEN HOUSE GASES (GHG)
Greenhouse gases are gases in an atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. In our solar system, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars and Titan also contain gases that cause greenhouse effects. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33°C (59°F) colder than at present.
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)
The global warming potential (GWP) depends on both the efficiency of the molecule as a greenhouse gas and its atmospheric lifetime. GWP is measured relative to the same mass of CO2 and evaluated for a specific timescale.
LANDFILL
Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste. Landfills were established in abandoned or unused quarries, mining voids or borrow pits. Design characteristics of a modern landfill include methods to contain leach ate such as clay or plastic lining material. Deposited waste is normally compacted to increase its density and stability, and covered to prevent attracting vermin. Many landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas (a greenhouse gas).
CONCLUSION
• Waste management of municipal discards is an important part of the CDM program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
• Number of both LFG and composting projects are expected to grow
• For municipal solid waste, CDM focus has been on landfill gas recovery (existing disposal sites)
• Growing interest in compost to avoid methane generation
• Recent decisions of CDM EB has made composting less financial rewarding, especially in areas with dry climates