05-09-2014, 04:44 PM
Objective of this project is to lift the weight/load using automobile (scooter). Mechanical lifting device with the help of automobile (scooter) is the device in which the setup is made to lift a weight by the power output of automobile.It is a mechanical device and has simple mechanism which is used in construction purposes. Mechanical lifting device with the help of automobile (scooter) is the device in which the setup is made to lift a weight by using the power output of automobile. In this setup, the driving wheel is replaced or attached to the main driving pulley, other two pulleys are linked with the main driving pulley with the help of metallic rope and the power is transferred from driving wheel to the last pulley.By this principal, mechanical device work as a lifting machine and lifts a weight with the help of automobile.
MECHANICAL LIFTING DEVICE USING AUTOMOBILE (SCOOTER) A MAJOR PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (Mechanical Engineering) SUBMITTED TO PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, JALANDHAR a SUBMITTED BY Name of Students University Roll No. Simranjeet Singh 100611180565 SUPERVISED BY Er.Mandeep Singh November 2013 RBIENT- Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering & Nano Technology, Hoshiarpur CERTIFICATE I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major (or Minor) Project Report entitled “Mechanical Lifting Device Using Automobile (Scooter)”, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering and submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering of RBIENT- Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering & Nano Technology Hoshiarpur Punjab is an authentic record of my own work carried out during a period from July 2013 to November 2013 ( 7th semester) under the supervision of Er.Mandeep singh , ME Department. The matter presented in this Project Report has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere. Signature of Students Simranjeet Singh (100611180565), This is to certify that the above statement made by the student(s) is correct to the best of my knowledge. Signature of Supervisor Date: Er.Mandeep Singh Head Mechanical Engineering Department ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Er.Amandeep Singh, HOD-Dept. of Mechanical Engineering of RBIENT- Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering & Nano Technology Hoshiarpur Punjab for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions. I express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Er.Harbir singh Dept. of Mechanical Engineering of RBIENT- Rayat Bahra Institute of Engineering & Nano Technology Hoshiarpur Punjab, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the course of present work. I also wish to extend my thanks to Prof. Er.Mandeep Singhand other colleagues for attending my seminars and for their insightful comments and constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this project work. I am extremely thankful to D.S Bawa, Director, RBIENT, Hoshiarpur, for providing me infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible. Signature of Student Simranjeet Singh (100611180565) PROJECT VISION The conceptual idea regarding this theme “Mechanical Lifting Device Using Automobile (Scooter)” came up in our minds in the initial days of last term. The basic reason behind choosing this project was to apply and test our engineering knowledge with guidance from our teachers as well as learn and gain from the experiences in due course of completion of this project. The idea behind this concept was and still is to make ease of lifting things within minimum time and at less cost. Moreover we intend to make a mechanical system by studying, conceptualizing, testing and implementing the basic mechanical engineering fundamentals that we have learned so far during the course of our study in this university. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 5 2. Review of Literature 7-31 2.1. Bajaj chetak 7-9 2.2. Container 10 2.3. Pulleys 11-13 2.4. Pipes and its properties 14-19 2.5. Steel wire ropes 20-28 2.6. Arc welding machine 28-31 3. Present work 33-37 3.1. Purpose 33 3.2. Principal 33-34 3.3. Working 34-37 4. Calculations and results 39-42 4.1. Time to lift using scooter 39 4.2. Metallic rope 39-41 4.3. Factor of safety 41-42 4.4. Pulleys 42 5. Estimate cost 44 6. Future scope and features 46 CHAPTER-1 1. INTRODUCTION MECHANICAL LIFTING DEVICE USING AUTOMOBILE (SCOOTER) Objective Objective of this project is to lift the weight/load using automobile (scooter). Mechanical lifting device with the help of automobile (scooter) is the device in which the setup is made to lift a weight by the power output of automobile.It is a mechanical device and has simple mechanism which is used in construction purposes. Mechanical lifting device with the help of automobile (scooter) is the device in which the setup is made to lift a weight by using the power output of automobile. In this setup, the driving wheel is replaced or attached to the main driving pulley, other two pulleys are linked with the main driving pulley with the help of metallic rope and the power is transferred from driving wheel to the last pulley.By this principal, mechanical device work as a lifting machine and lifts a weight with the help of automobile. CHAPTER-2 2.Review of Literature In mechanical lifting device using automobile (scooter), we have to go through the literature of bajaj chatak(scooter),container,pulleys,pipes,metallic rope and electric arc welding. 2.1 Bajaj Chetak Manufacturer Bajaj Production 1972-2009 Predecessor Bajaj Super Successor Bajaj Chetak 4 stroke Class Scooter Engine 145cc four-stroke (after 2002), two-stroke (before 2002) Top speed 80 km/h Power 7.5 BHP Torque 1.1kgm@ 3500 rpm Transmission 4 speed, manual with shifter in the left hand grip Suspension Swingarm Brakes Drum Tires 3.50X10 Wheelbase 1230 mm Weight 103 kg[1](dry) Fuel capacity 6 Litres, slightly over 1.25 gallon Related Bajaj Legend,LML NV,LML T5 TheBajaj Chetakwas a popular Indian-made motorscooterproduced by theBajaj Autocompany.[2]The Chetak is named afterChetak, the legendary horse of Indian warriorRana Pratap Singh. Originally based on ItalianVespa Sprint, Chetak was an affordable means of transportation for millions of Indian families for decades and is lovingly calledHamara Bajaj(Our Bajaj) Around 1980, the Vespa-licensed design was replaced with an all new in-house design that shared the same general appearance and style. During its heyday its chief competitor wasLML NVmade byLML Indiaas a licensed copy of theVespa PX150. In the face of rising competition from bikes and cars, Chetak lost ground in India, and production was discontinued in 2009. Scooter Rim Fuel efficiency Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process. In the context of transport, fuel economy is the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle, is given as a ratio of distance travelled per unit of fuel consumed. Fuel economy is expressed in miles per gallon (mpg) in the USA and usually also in the UK (imperial gallon);there is sometimes confusion as the imperial gallon is 20% larger than the US gallon so that mpg values are not directly comparable. In countries using the metric system fuel economy is stated in kilometres per litre (km/L) in the Netherlands, Denmark and in several Latin American or Asian countries such as India, Japan, South Korea, or as the reciprocal ratio, "fuel consumption" in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km) in much of Europe, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Litres per mil are used in Norway and Sweden. Fuel consumption is a more accurate measure of a vehicle’s performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements. Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passengerFuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process. In the context of transport, fuel economy is the energy efficiency of a particular vehicle, is given as a ratio of distance travelled per unit of fuel consumed. Fuel economy is expressed in miles per gallon (mpg) in the USA and usually also in the UK (imperial gallon);there is sometimes confusion as the imperial gallon is 20% larger than the US gallon so that mpg values are not directly comparable. In countries using the metric system fuel economy is stated in kilometres per litre (km/L) in the Netherlands, Denmark and in several Latin American or Asian countries such as India, Japan, South Korea, or as the reciprocal ratio, "fuel consumption" in liters per 100 kilometers (L/100 km) in much of Europe, Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Litres per mil are used in Norway and Sweden. Fuel consumption is a more accurate measure of a vehicle’s performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements. Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger-specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger 2.2 Container Container may refer to:An item used to contain, store, and transport products (for the early history of these items, see pottery), practical examples including Jar, traditionally cylindrical and made of glass Bottle, similar to a jar in being traditionally symmetrical about the axis perpendicular to its base and made of glass Can or cannister, traditionally cylindrical and sheet-metallic Box, rectilinear Shipping container, including Crate, a box or rectilinear exoskeleton, designed for hoisting or loading Wooden box Corrugated box, made of corrugated fiberboard Intermodal container, a.k.a. ship container or cargo container Twenty-foot equivalent unit, an industry standard intermodal container size Intermediate bulk container Unit load device, similar to a crate Drum, similar to a can but definitely cylindrical and not necessarily metallic Flexible intermediate bulk container Food storage container. 2.3 PULLEYS BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Archimedes was a great mathematician and engineer who was born in 287 BC in Syracuse, Sicily. He is credited with the development of many of our modern day mathematical and mechanical principles (such as Archimedes' principle, the concept of pi, and geometric proofs) and machines like the lever, a pump, and pulleys. According to Plutarch, Archimedes had stated in a letter to King Hieron that he could move any weight with pulleys; he boasted that given enough pulleys he could move the world! The king challenged him to move a large ship in his arsenal, a ship that would take many men and great labor to move to the sea. On the appointed day, the ship was loaded with many passengers and a full cargo, and all watched to see if Archimedes could do what he said. He sat a distance away from the ship, pulled on the cord in his hand by degrees, and drew the ship along "as smoothly and evenly as if she had been in the sea." Archimedes understood the concept of mechanical advantage and how to use it to move or lift heavy objects with less force. The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the output and input forces that are used within the machine. A good mechanical advantage is a number that is greater than 1. The output force generated should be larger than the input force used to start the machine. For a simple machine like a pulley or a lever, these forces are easy to determine. For a pulley, the output force is the weight of the object and the input force is the force applied on the end of the rope. A force is a push or a pull on an object or machine that may cause an action. Forces are measured in units of pounds-force (lbf) or newtons (N). A newton is a kilogram times a meter divided by seconds squared (N = kg m/s2). A force is a vector; it has both a magnitude (numerical value) and a direction. If an object is held up by a rope, for example, it has a force called the weight (the mass times the gravitational acceleration) acting downward, and it causes a tension in the rope, which acts upward. If the object is in equilibrium, the downwards weight of the object will be equal to the upwards tension. When something is in equilibrium, it means that it is not moving; all the forces are balanced. A book sitting on a table is in equilibrium. The weight of the book is balanced by the reaction force of the table on the book. The study of objects with forces in equilibrium is called Statics. Archimedes knew that he could improve his mechanical advantage for lifting or moving an object by using pulleys. A pulley is an object that is usually round with a smooth groove around its outside edge. A pulley transfers a force along a rope without changing its magnitude. When engineers work with pulleys, they often assume that the rope through the groove of a pulley moves smoothly and evenly, without catching. They say it moves without friction. When two rough surfaces are rubbed together (like two wooden blocks), they become warm; the heat is caused by friction. If the two surfaces were slicked with oil and then rubbed together, they would move much more smoothly and very little heat would be generated. There is much less friction. Engineers also assume that the pulley and rope weigh very little compared to the weight on the end of the rope, so they can ignore these two weights and make their calculations with only the heavy weight on the end of the rope. The first figure shows a single pulley with a weight on one end of the rope. The other end is held by a person who must apply a force to keep the weight hanging in the air (in equilibrium). There is a force (tension) on the rope that is equal to the weight of the object. This force or tension is the same all along the rope. In order for the weight and pulley (the system) to remain in equilibrium, the person holding the end of the rope must pull down with a force that is equal in magnitude to the tension in the rope. For this simple pulley system, the force is equal to the weight. The mechanical advantage of this system is 1! The output force is the weight to be held in equilibrium and the input force is the applied force. 2.4 Pipes and its properties Properties of commercial pipe - metric data Dimensions and properties of commercial pipes are indicated below. Nominal Diameter (mm) Schedule Outside Diameter (mm) Wall Thickness (mm) Inside Diameter (mm) Inside Area (cm2) Pipe Weight (kg/m) 3 10S 10.3 1.2446 7.811 0.48 0.27 Std 40 10.3 1.7272 6.846 0.37 0.36 XS 80 10.3 2.413 5.474 0.25 0.47 6 10S 13.7 1.651 10.398 0.85 0.49 Std 40 13.7 2.235 9.23 0.67 0.63 XS 80 13.7 3.023 7.654 0.46 0.79 10 10S 17.145 1.651 13.843 1.51 0.63 Std 40 17.145 2.311 12.523 1.23 0.84 XS 80 17.145 3.2 10.745 0.91 1.1 15 5S 21.336 1.651 18.034 2.55 0.8 10S 21.336 2.108 17.12 2.30 1.0 Std 40 21.336 2.769 15.798 1.96 1.27 XS 80 21.336 3.734 13.868 1.51 1.62 160 21.336 4.75 11.836 1.1 1.94 XXS 21.336 7.468 6.4 0.32 2.55 20 5S 26.67 1.651 23.368 4.29 1.02 10S 26.67 2.108 22.454 3.96 1.27 Std 40 26.67 2.87 20.93 3.44 1.68 XS 80 26.67 3.912 18.846 2.79 2.19 160 26.67 5.534 15.596 1.91 2.88 XXS 26.67 7.823 11.024 0.95 3.63 25 5S 33.401 1.651 30.099 7.12 1.29 10S 33.401 2.769 27.863 6.10 2.09 Std 40 33.401 3.378 26.645 5.58 2.49 XS 80 33.401 4.547 24.307 4.64 3.23 160 33.401 6.35 20.701 3.37 4.23 XXS 33.401 9.093 15.215 1.82 5.44 32 5S 42.164 1.651 38.862 11.86 1.65 10S 42.164 2.769 36.626 10.54 2.68 Std 40 42.164 3.556 35.052 9.65 3.38 XS 80 42.164 4.851 32.462 8.28 4.45 160 42.164 6.35 29.464 6.82 5.59 XXS 42.164 9.703 22.758 4.07 7.747 40 5S 48.26 1.651 44.958 15.88 1.89 10S 48.26 2.769 42.722 14.34 3.1 Std 40 48.26 3.683 40.894 13.13 4.04 XS 80 48.26 5.08 38.1 11.40 5.4 160 48.26 7.137 33.986 9.07 7.22 XXS 48.26 10.16 27.94 6.13 9.52 48.26 13.335 21.59 3.66 11.46 48.26 15.875 16.51 2.14 12.65 50 5S 60.325 1.651 57.023 25.54 2.38 10S 60.325 2.769 54.787 23.58 3.92 Std 40 60.325 3.912 52.501 21.65 5.43 XS 80 60.325 5.537 49.251 19.055 7.46 160 60.325 8.712 42.901 14.46 11.06 XXS 60.325 11.074 38.177 11.45 13.42 60.325 14.275 31.775 7.93 16.17 60.325 17.45 25.425 5.08 18.40 5S 73.025 2.108 68.809 37.19 3.68 10S 73.025 3.048 66.929 35.18 5.25 Types of Pipe Material In the past, many types of material have been used in conveying water from one point to another. Masonry and wood were probably the first materials used. Plastics are the newest, and are now being used quite extensively. At present, water mains are made of a variety of materials, summarized in the chart below. Material Advantages Disadvantages Primary Use Coated? cast iron no longer manufactured; deteriorates in some soils large, old systems yes ductile iron strong, ductile deteriorates in some soils large systems yes steel inexpensive wall thickness must be carefully considered raw water mains yes concrete inexpensive raw water mains and industrial systems no pre-stressed concrete inexpensive raw water mains and industrial systems no asbestos cement brittle; no longer manufactured replaced cast iron; in old systems no PVC inexpensive gasoline from soil can pass into pipe <10 inch pipes no non-rigid plastic requires special heat fusion joining tools; inorganic chemicals in soil weaken pipe service lines in water systems and main lines in gas systems no copper service lines no galvanized iron corrodes; produces discolored water; has a short life; deteriorates in some soils no Large Pipes Cast iron has a long history of satisfactory service. Pipes were made exclusively of cast iron in many larger systems until manufacture of cast iron pipes was discontinued in the early 1980s. Since this pipe can no longer be manufactured, little will be used in the future. The systems which formerly used cast iron pipes are now converting to ductile iron pipe and AWWA C-900 PVC pipe. Some smaller systems are converting to slip joint PVC pipe except in specialty areas such as creek crossings and when pipes must be laid extremely deep in the ground. Ductile iron is now used in many systems where cast iron pipe was formerly used. Ductile iron pipes have certain advantages over other pipe materials. The pipes are strong and ductile (able to be drawn out and formed into a certain shape.) The third type of metal pipe used in distribution systems is steel. Steel piping may be used in water transmission mains due to the cheap initial construction cost of the system. However, care must be taken in the design of the wall thickness of the steel pipe for the particular systems that exist. Steel pipes are more commonly used for raw water mains. Even though most public water supplies are treated where necessary for corrosion control, all three types of metal pipes described above can be corroded by acidic water. For this reason, these pipes are usually lined to protect the metal against corrosion. Steel pipes are asphalt coated while cast and ductile iron pipes are lined with either enamel or cement. The cement lining, which is usually a one to three Portland cement mortar, is applied to the pipe by centrifugal action. The thickness of the cement lining depends on the diameter of the pipe and varies from 1/8 of an inch thick in a 2 1/4 inch pipe to 1/4 of an inch thick in a 48 inch pipe. The lining in all three types of pipe enhances the ability of the pipe to retain good flow characteristics for many years since corroded pipes are rough and offer more resistance to flowing water. In contrast to the metal pipes mentioned above, concrete and pre-stressed concrete pipes are used mainly in very large diameter pipes such as those found in raw water lines and industrial systems. The concrete pipes are relatively inexpensive to build, which makes them attractive when large quantities of water must be moved from place to place. Asbestos cement pipe is composed of a mixture of Portland cement and asbestos fibers. Asbestos cement is lighter in weight than cast iron and more brittle, so extra care must be taken when installing the asbestos cement pipe. If the trench is not properly bedded then the pipe will not be well cushioned in the ground and may break. Asbestos cement pipes have been used in some cases to replace cast iron pipes, but like cast iron, asbestos cement pipes are no longer being manufactured. Small Pipes Plastic pipe is commonly used for pipes which are 10 inches or less in diameter. Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes are often chosen, especially when initial cost is an important factor. There are several factors to consider when choosing a PVC pipe for use. Any PVC pipe used for water transmission must have a National Sanitation Foundation seal which certifies that the pipe contains no toxic materials and is suitable for potable water transport. It is inadvisable to use a very cheap plastic pipe since it will cause problems in the future. The same manufacturer should supply the couplings, fittings, and pipes so that all of the components will work well together. The PVC pipes which are commonly used have a pressure class of 160 or 200. Since the cost difference between class 160 and 200 pipe is only about $0.25 per foot, many systems install the heavier duty pipe. When very high pressures are anticipated, class 250 pipe may be used. Pipes with a higher pressure class have thicker walls to withstand the water's pressure as it moves through the pipe. PVC pipe has a safety factor of 2:1, compared to the 4:1 safety factor of ductile iron pipe, so you can't directly compare the pressure class ratings of the two types of pipes. In addition, the pressure class ratings of PVC pipes do not include surge pressure - extra pressure when the water moves much faster than usual. For both of these reasons, it is recommended that the static pressure of the water in a PVC pipe not exceed 70% of the class rating. So, if you anticipate a static pressure above 112 PSI (70% of 160 PSI), then you will need to use class 200 pipe. PVC pipes are not the only types of plastic pipes used in water systems. Polyethylene and other non-rigid plastic pipes are used as service lines in water systems and as main lines in gas systems. However, polyethylene pipes have a high molecular weight, so special heat fusion joining tools are required when working with the pipes. For this reason, polyethylene pipes are limited to special installations. Copper pipes have been used in some situations as service pipes. However, copper pipe is more expensive than plastic pipe. Copper pipe used in water systems must have a National Sanitation Foundation Seal. Galvanized iron is the final type of pipe which will be considered here. In almost every case, it has been found to be more desirable to use plastic pipe rather than galvanized iron. Galvanized iron corrodes easily, produces problems with discolored water, and has a relatively short life. For these reasons, galvanized iron is seldom used in the distribution system. Every wire has three basic components: the wires, strands and core. The wires are predominantly constructed from high-carbon steel, stainless steel, Mild Steel and Copper. 2.5 STEEL WIRE ROPES Wire rope generally comes with a "bright" or uncoated finish but can be coated with zinc, nylon, L.D. and P.V.C etc for special purpose. It should be understood that these coatings can affect the characteristics and breaking strength of the wire rope. IMPORTANT POINTS FOR ORDERING STEEL WIRE ROPES When sending enquiry or order of steel wire rope, please furnish the following information to quote you the exact rope as per your requirements. Length:Specify the correct length as per your requirement. Too long a rope will negatively influence coiling and will result in premature rope failure and subsequent wastage. A too short rope will not be able to last its full life. Diameter:Specify the rope diameter in mm as per IS standard. Coating/ Finish:A rope can either be Ungalvanised, Galvanised or Coated. In rope nomenclature, ungalvanised rope is also known as black. Do specify if coating is required. Tensile Strength:This property signifies the strength/ load bearing capacity of the wire rope. Usually, if you procure a rope as per IS specifications, the usual designations are 1770 N/mm2, 1960 N/mm2, or 2160 N/mm2. The other less frequently used tensile designations are 1420 and 1570 N/ mm2. Alternatively, in place of N/mm2, we can use 160 Kg/mm2, 180 Kg/mm2, and 200 Kg/mm2. Construction:A rope is generally made up of number of strands twisted around a core. The strands are themselves formed from a number of wires twisted in a helical fashion. Example: 6X36 (