20-06-2012, 12:07 PM
monte carlo planing technique for for renewable energy source
monte carlo planing technique for for renewable energy source.docx (Size: 176.99 KB / Downloads: 48)
INTRODUCTION
Utilisation of electric energy is becoming important from the viewpoints of environmental conservation and depletion of fossil fuel. The generated power from renewable energies is at all times fluctuating due to changes in the environmental status. In order to promote renewable energy, and use the different energy sources effectively, it is necessary to determine the proportions of solar photovoltaic, co- generation, wind and hydropower subject to the cost and economic constraints. The restructuring of the Indian power sector with energy conservation as the main motive to achieve economical and environmental benefits and to meet the heavy demands of power. With the growing demands of electricity, it is necessary to consider the various factors that influence the development of conventional sources of power, mainly coal and hydropower. Some of the factors are the following:
-Diversion of the peak load demand to the generation from renewable sources
-Introduction of energy storage systems that reduce the burden of yearly additions to the installed capacity
-Yearly upgrading of energy conservation plans
-Emissions reduction to reduce environmental impacts
-Incentives for renewable energy technologies
-Restructuring of state electricity boards.
Most of the renewable energy sources are environmentally benign and proffer negligible fuel costs. Renewable energy sources hold added promise to supply peak load demand at
Cost-effective level. Non-conventional and renewable sources such as solar, wind, mini- and micro-hydro, biomass, tidal and wave energies have gained importance, as these are locally available in abundance and do not present
Environmental hazards. Rivers, canals, solar radiation, industrial byproducts (sugar, textile, paper, and fertilizer), animal waste, agricultural waste etc, are based on the physical parameters of the location. A cost benefit analysis, considering the capital cost, generation cost, transportation cost of fuel, and transmission losses, is an usual requirement at the planning stage. The scope for development of renewable energy sources has gained importance because the cost of technology has declined and imminent costs may be more attractive. Another factor is the delay in the implementation of mega-centralized projects.
This paper introduces a Monte Carlo techno-economic analysis technique for distributed power generation through renewable energy sources, and applies it to the Indian scenario. The analysis provides the proportioning of the available renewable energy sources for distributed generation (DG) that will yield the lowest cost of generation at the national level. The total cost consists of the capital cost and the generation cost. The generation cost includes the operation cost and the maintenance cost. The capital cost, which is a constraint, varies from site to site depending on the technology and location. The analysis also considers the limit on the carbon dioxide emission factor as a constraint to be satisfied. The analysis provides the proportions of the renewable energy sources that will maximize the total renewable energy MW output at the regional level. The constraints taken are the estimated potential of the various renewable energy sources, the capital costs of the renewable sources, and the carbon dioxide emission factors.
Section II formulates the Monte Carlo planning technique for renewable energy sources. Section III presents the numerical results. Sections IV discuss the problems of integrating renewable energy sources in distribution networks, and Section V concludes the paper.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
There are many sources of energy that are renewable and considered to be environmentally friendly and harness natural processes. These sources of energy provide an alternate ‘cleaner’ source of energy, helping to negate the effects of certain forms of pollution. All of these power generation techniques can be described as renewable since they are not depleting any resource to create the energy. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.
Tidal Power
Tidal energy can be generated in two ways, tidal stream generators or by barrage generation. The power created though tidal generators is generally more environmentally friendly and causes less impact on established ecosystems. Similar to a wind turbine, many tidal stream generators rotate underwater and is driven by the swiftly moving dense water. Although not yet widely used, tidal power has potential for future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.
Wave Power
Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work — for example for electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs). Wave energy can be difficult to harness due to the unpredictability of the ocean and wave direction. Wave farms have been created and are in use in Europe, using floating Pelamis Wave Energy converters. Most wave power systems include the use of a floating buoyed device and generate energy through a snaking motion, or by mechanical movement from the waves peaks and troughs. Wave power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial technology although there have been attempts at using it since at least 1890. The
rising and falling of the waves moves the buoy-like structure creating mechanical energy which is converted into electricity and transmitted to shore over a submerged transmission line.
Solar Power
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar power is harnessing the suns energy to produce electricity. One of the fastest growing energy sources, new technologies are developing at a rapid pace. Solar cells are becoming more efficient, transportable and even flexible, allowing for easy installation. PV has mainly been used to power small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to off-grid homes powered by a photovoltaic array. The 1973 oil crisis stimulated a rapid rise in the production of PV during the 1970s and early 1980s.
Wind Power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy by wind turbines into a useful form, such as electricity or mechanical energy. Large-scale wind farms are typically connected to the local power transmission network with small turbines used to provide electricity to isolated areas. Residential units are entering production and are capable of powering large appliances to entire houses depending on the size. Wind farms installed on agricultural land or grazing areas, have one of the lowest environmental impacts of all energy sources. Although wind produces only about 1.5% of worldwide electricity use, it is growing rapidly, having doubled in the three years between 2005 and 2008.
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is electricity generated by hydropower, i.e., the production of power through use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste. Small scale hydro or micro-hydro power has been an increasingly popular alternative energy source, especially in remote areas where other power sources are not viable. Small scale hydro power systems can be installed in small rivers or streams with little or no discernible environmental effect or disruption to fish migration.