11-08-2012, 03:50 PM
MICROCONTROLLER BASED AUTOMATIC RAILWAY GATE CONTROL
ABSTRACT
The Indian Railway is the most widely covering communication means in Indian environment. The railway track runs through out the Indian city and village. There are millions of level crossings gates set up at the side railway track. The level crossing gates, which are located mostly at the city location they are managed manually, where as there are many level crossings at the country side, which are not attended due to man power problem. In this project an effort is made to automate the level crossing gates. The controller will sense the arrival of the train and starts alarming and after a while the gate starts closing. Once the train thoroughly covers the level crossing zone the gate reopens. The objective of the project is to automate the level crossing gates at the countryside to avoid accident at the railway level crossing. And some obstacle sensors are connected at the front and back side of the train to avoid train to train accidents.
POWER SUPPLY:-
In this power supply we are using step-down transformer, IC regulators, Diodes, Capacitors and resistors.
Explanation: - The input supply i.e., 230V AC is given to the primary of the transformer (Transformer is an electromechanical static device which transform one coil to the another without changing its frequency) due to the magnetic effect of the coil the flux is induced in the primary is transfer to the secondary coil. The output of the secondary coil is given to the diodes. Here the diodes are connected in bridge type. Diodes are used for rectification purposes. The output of the bridge circuit is not pure dc, some what rippled ac is also present. For that capacitor is connected at the output of the diodes to remove the unwanted ac, capacitor are also used for filtering purpose. The both (-ve) terminal of the diode (D2 & D3) is connected to the (+ve) terminal of the capacitor and thus the input of the IC Regulator (7805 & 7812). Here we are using Voltage regulators to get the fixed voltage to our requirements.
IR Transmitter
ABOUT INFRARED
We experience infrared light every time we feel the heat of the sun on our skin or the warmth of a camp fire. Technically, what we are experiencing in these instances is thermal infrared light. Scientists call waves of electromagnetic energy that travel through space light. We tend to think of light as only the radiant energy that we see with our eyes. But the light we can detect with our eyes is a very tiny fraction of all the types of light that exist. Infrared light is one type of light that is invisible to us. Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, microwaves and radio waves are other types of invisible light. All of these rays and waves are the same type of electromagnetic energy. They are different only because the length of their waves is different. When we see something by visible light, our eyes allow us to distinguish the light of different waves as different colors. The waves that are short are blue and the waves that are long appear as red. We can't really see the waves, we only see the colors that our mind creates to help us interpret the world. Every color has a distinct wavelength. For example, violet light can be seen at light wavelengths of around 0.4 micron(*) and yellow light is made up of waves that are 0.6 microns long. Reddish colors begin at wavelengths of about 0.65 microns. Your eyes cannot see light that has a wavelength longer than 0.7 microns.
Code Memory
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 8051 program that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K and comes in many shapes and sizes: Code memory may be found on-chip, either burned into the Microcontroller as ROM or EPROM. Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. Flash RAM is also another popular method of storing a program. Various combinations of these memory types may also be used--that is to say, it is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 64k of code memory off-chip in an EPROM.
When the program is stored on-chip the 64K maximum is often reduced to 4k, 8k, or 16k. This varies depending on the version of the chip that is being used. Each version offers specific capabilities and one of the distinguishing factors from chip to chip is how much ROM/EPROM space the chip has.
ABSTRACT
The Indian Railway is the most widely covering communication means in Indian environment. The railway track runs through out the Indian city and village. There are millions of level crossings gates set up at the side railway track. The level crossing gates, which are located mostly at the city location they are managed manually, where as there are many level crossings at the country side, which are not attended due to man power problem. In this project an effort is made to automate the level crossing gates. The controller will sense the arrival of the train and starts alarming and after a while the gate starts closing. Once the train thoroughly covers the level crossing zone the gate reopens. The objective of the project is to automate the level crossing gates at the countryside to avoid accident at the railway level crossing. And some obstacle sensors are connected at the front and back side of the train to avoid train to train accidents.
POWER SUPPLY:-
In this power supply we are using step-down transformer, IC regulators, Diodes, Capacitors and resistors.
Explanation: - The input supply i.e., 230V AC is given to the primary of the transformer (Transformer is an electromechanical static device which transform one coil to the another without changing its frequency) due to the magnetic effect of the coil the flux is induced in the primary is transfer to the secondary coil. The output of the secondary coil is given to the diodes. Here the diodes are connected in bridge type. Diodes are used for rectification purposes. The output of the bridge circuit is not pure dc, some what rippled ac is also present. For that capacitor is connected at the output of the diodes to remove the unwanted ac, capacitor are also used for filtering purpose. The both (-ve) terminal of the diode (D2 & D3) is connected to the (+ve) terminal of the capacitor and thus the input of the IC Regulator (7805 & 7812). Here we are using Voltage regulators to get the fixed voltage to our requirements.
IR Transmitter
ABOUT INFRARED
We experience infrared light every time we feel the heat of the sun on our skin or the warmth of a camp fire. Technically, what we are experiencing in these instances is thermal infrared light. Scientists call waves of electromagnetic energy that travel through space light. We tend to think of light as only the radiant energy that we see with our eyes. But the light we can detect with our eyes is a very tiny fraction of all the types of light that exist. Infrared light is one type of light that is invisible to us. Gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, microwaves and radio waves are other types of invisible light. All of these rays and waves are the same type of electromagnetic energy. They are different only because the length of their waves is different. When we see something by visible light, our eyes allow us to distinguish the light of different waves as different colors. The waves that are short are blue and the waves that are long appear as red. We can't really see the waves, we only see the colors that our mind creates to help us interpret the world. Every color has a distinct wavelength. For example, violet light can be seen at light wavelengths of around 0.4 micron(*) and yellow light is made up of waves that are 0.6 microns long. Reddish colors begin at wavelengths of about 0.65 microns. Your eyes cannot see light that has a wavelength longer than 0.7 microns.
Code Memory
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 8051 program that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K and comes in many shapes and sizes: Code memory may be found on-chip, either burned into the Microcontroller as ROM or EPROM. Code may also be stored completely off-chip in an external ROM or, more commonly, an external EPROM. Flash RAM is also another popular method of storing a program. Various combinations of these memory types may also be used--that is to say, it is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 64k of code memory off-chip in an EPROM.
When the program is stored on-chip the 64K maximum is often reduced to 4k, 8k, or 16k. This varies depending on the version of the chip that is being used. Each version offers specific capabilities and one of the distinguishing factors from chip to chip is how much ROM/EPROM space the chip has.