06-04-2010, 11:21 PM
bio-diesel.ppt (Size: 406 KB / Downloads: 843)
Introduction
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES: Energy sources from which power can be derived again & again ie; a journey to Infinity are termed as Renewable Energy Sources.
BIODIESEL: It is a concept being implemented globally to combat the crisis of running out of oil reserves looming over us
Sources of Bio-diesel
Biodiesel can be derived from various plants such as soy, rap seed, sunflower and more recently jatropha.
About Jatropha
Jatropha is a bush that grows in regions around the Equator, in areas that are too arid for other plantations. The Southern and Central regions of India provide an apt climate for Jatropha cultivation.
The bio-fuel industry and market is still in its infancy but is likely to become a major global industry sector in 5 to 10 years, providing solution to global strategic issues like sustainable development, energy security, and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Advantages of Jatropha
It is not eaten by animals and is a vigorous, drought and pest resistant plant and when planted as a fence repels rodents and the oil has medicinal applications.
A valuable export product at the world trade market.
Renewable
It is Biodegradable
Can be Domestically grown
Low emissions
No engine modifications required
Bio-diesel is Safer than gasoline
It is less flammable than gasoline
Bio-diesel is Non-toxic
Can be blended in any proportion with petroleum
diesel fuel
High cetane number and excellent lubricity
Very high flashpoint (>300°F)
Can be made from waste restaurant oils and
animal fats
Disadvantages of Jatropha
Lower energy content
6-9% less energy per unit volume for B100
Effect of B2 “ B10 on power less than 1%
Soybean oil-based biodiesel will start to crystallize at
around 0°C
Biodiesel is less oxidatively stable than petroleum diesel
Old fuel can become acidic and form sediment and varnish
There is limited supply of Bio-diesel
Cost is high and is feedstock sensitive
“Government subsidies allow biodiesel to compete with petroleum fuel
India: from Wastelands to Plantations
The Jatropha plantations are found in the wastelands of Central and Southern India
The 3 Constituents of Bio-diesel
Oil : The primary ingredient is oil or fat.This will be waste vegetable oil for the average producer at home, which may be collected for free in most restaurants.One can, of course, grow rapeseed or Jathropa and crush it for oil.
ALCOHOL:The most commonly used alcohol for the production of biodiesel is methanol.
Methanol scores above the others due to its easy availability from molasses from the sugarcane industry
KATALYSATOR:The last constituent is the Catalyst. Both KOH (potassium hydroxide, caustic potash) and NaOH (Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda) may be used.
The advantage of KOH is that the residual glycerine is much less toxic than when NaOH is used.
How to Make Biodiesel?
Biodiesel forms due to a chemical reaction called transesterification, meaning that glycerol in the oil is substituted by an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. In --our case we use Methanol and NaOH (caustic soda) or KOH (caustic potash).
catalyst
Vegetable oils + ROH Biodiesel + Glycerin
Why do we need Bio-diessel
Biodiesel's plus-points are obvious:
It is biodegradable. Biodiesel is 98% degraded while diesel fuel is degraded only 40% at the end of 28 days
It decreases soot-emission by 50%.
Schematic Diagram of IC engine converted to run on Bio-diesel
Biodiesel- the Lifeline of the Future
In addition, the exhaust emissions of sulphur oxides and sulphates (major components of acid rain) from biodiesel are essentially eliminated compared to diesel.
Can Biodiesel help mitigate Global Warming ?
Biodiesel reduces net CO2 emissions by 78 percent compared to petroleum diesel. This is due to biodieselâ„¢s closed carbon cycle. The CO2 released into the atmosphere when biodiesel is burned is recycled by growing plants, which are later processed into fuel
Success Stories
"We have fully run Delhi-Amritsar Shatabadi Express on biodiesel. Now we plan to test biodiesel in automobiles. We have identified three depots in Rewari for plying Haryana roadways buses on the blended fuel says IOCL Chairman Mr.SARTHAK BEHURIA.
Bio-diesel processing cost in India is almost one-third of that in European countries and the US, says C. S. Jadhav, director (marketing) Nandan Biomatrix. Extracting bio-diesel in Europe costs around 0.799 euro while it costs between Rs 15 and Rs 17 in India, Jadhav added. Another successful attempt to use bio-diesel is taking place at Tata Motors in Pune where it is running 43 of its 150 bus fleet on 10% bio-diesel.
Business Strategies 4 Economic boost
With its vast wastelands, and the global community increasingly rooting for alternate fuels, India could well become the global sourcing hub for both feedstock and processed bio-diesel. The industry is expected to be a $2-billion revenue earner within the next three years.
If projections of Petroleum ministry and Planning Commission get translated, India would attain a 20% mix of bio-diesel in all diesel run vehicles that will not only bring down the high dependability on crude oil import and create better environment but will also create 11 million jobs in the rural area.
India imports more than 70 per cent of its crude petroleum needs.
Conclussions
Biodiesel fuel as an alternative to petroleum based fuel
diesel fuel has many advantages
Fuel cost still plays a major role
Source material can affect biodiesel fuel properties substantially
While CO, HC and PM emissions are
reduced, NOx emissions may increase in some engines
Biodiesel shows some advantages over diesel fuel when Low Temperature Combustion
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