12-10-2016, 04:42 PM
1458859383-10.SMSBASEDLOCKERSECURITYSYSTEM.docx (Size: 1.05 MB / Downloads: 6)
ABSTRACT
The objective of this project is to improve the security performance in the lockers. This project is used to improve the security performance in the lockers. This type of lockers is very useful highly secured places such as bank lockers and document files lockers. If any misuse in the lockers the corresponding SMS send to authority person. So we can improve the security performance in the lockers.
In this project keypad consists of set of keys which are used to enter the password to the microcontroller. The authentication person’s passwords are stored in the EEPROM which is non volatile memory the stored password will not be deleted even though power is switched off. The mobile phone is interfaced with the microcontroller through RS232 and data cable. The RS 232 is used to converts the TTL logic to RS232 logic. The data cable is the special type of cable which is available with mobile phone. Here the microcontroller is the flash type reprogrammable microcontroller in which we have already programmed with authority person phone number.
When the authentication person wants to open the door or lockers he has to press the password in the key pad. Then the corresponding signal is given to microcontroller. Now the microcontroller compares the incoming password signal with stored password. If the password is valid, the microcontroller activates the relay driver circuit. The relay output is given to locker. Now the locker is open.
If unauthentic person type the wrong password or other way try to open the locker, the microcontroller sends SMS to authority person.
INTRODUCTION
In this present age, safety has becomes an essential issue for most of the people especially in the rural and urban areas. Some people will try to cheat or steal the property which may endanger the safety of money in the bank, house, and office. To overcome the security threat, a most of people will install bunch of locks or alarm system. There are many types of alarm systems available in the market which utilizes different types of sensor. The sensor can detect different types of changes occur in the surrounding and the changes will be processed to be given out a alert according to the pre-set value. By the same time this system may not be good for all the time. In this paper we have implemented safety of the money in the bank locker, house, and office (treasury) by using RFID and GSM technology which will be more secure than other systems.Radio-frequency identification (RFID) based access- control system allows only authorized persons to open the bank locker with GSM technology. Basically, an RFID system consists of an antenna or coil, a transceiver (with decoder) and a transponder (RF tag) electronically programmed with unique information. There are many different types of RFID systems in the market. These are categorized on the basis of their frequency ranges. Some of the most commonly used RFID kits are low-frequency (30-500 kHz), mid-frequency (900 kHz-1500MHz) and high-frequency (2.4- 2.5GHz). The passive tags are lighter and less expensive than the active tags . Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted standard
for digital cellular communication. GSM is a common European mobile telephone standard for a mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz In the current work, SIM300 GSM module is used. The SIM300 module is a Triband GSM/GPRS solution in a compact plug in module featuring an industry - standard interface. It delivers voice, data and fax in a small form factor with low power consumption.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:
Embedded system is a combination of software and hardware.Embedded system is a system that has a computing device embedded into it. These are the controllers, processors, arrays or other hardware using dedicated (embedded) logic or programming (code) called “firmware” or a “microkernel” .Embedded systems are designed around a µC which integrates Memory & Peripherals.A PIC microcontroller is a processor with built in memory and RAM and you can use it to control your projects (or build projects around it). So it saves you building a circuit that has separate external RAM, ROM and peripheral chips. It includes EEPROM, timer, analog comparator, UART. It is an 8-bit architecture and it is said to be RISC processor. It can support I2C, SPI protocols. It is a 40 pin package. External crystal can go up to 20MHz.
It is said to be liquid crystal display and is used to display the content from the microcontroller. Here we use 2x16alpha-numeric LCD. It has two line and we can display maximum of 16 characters on each line.
The power supply unit consists with four units. First the input AC supply 230v is fed into the step down transformer. It suppressed the given AC input and the voltage in the range of (0-15) V is obtained. To convert the AC to DC the output is fed into the bridge rectifier. To remove the harmonics we used capacitor and finally the output is fed into the voltage regulator. It will produce the constant DC voltage depends on the voltage regulator IC’s.
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. A Relay is connected to the load and which is control the load.
TRANSFORMER
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER:
The transformer works on the principle of faradays law of electromagnetic inductions. Transformer in its simplest form.
The core is built up of thin laminations insulated from each other in order to reduce eddy current loss in the more. The winding are unguarded from each other and also from the care. The winding connected to the load is called the secondary winding for samplings they are shown on the opposite side of core but in practice they are distributed owner both sides of the cores. The high voltage winding encloses the low voltage.
Let us say that transformer has N1 turns in its primary winding and N2 turns in its secondary winding. The primary winding is connected to a sinusoidal voltage of magnitude V1 at a frequency FH2. A working flux is set up in magnetic core. The working flux is alternating and sinusoidal as the applied voltage is alternating and sinusoidal. When these flux link the primary and the secondary winding emf are induced in them. The emf induced in this is called the self-induced emf and that induced in the secondary is the mutually induced emf. These voltages will have sinusoidal waveform and the same frequency as that of the applied voltage. The currents, which flow in the close primary and secondary circuits, are respectively I1 and I2.
In our electrical and electronic circuit we use two important components namely.
1. RESISTOR
2. CAPACITER
RESISTOR:
A resistor is an electric component. It has a known value of resistance. It is especially designed to introduce a desired amount of resistance in a circuit. A resistor is used either to control the flow of current or to produce a voltage drop. It is the most commonly used component in electrical and electronic circuits.
TYPES OF RESISTOR
1. Carbon resistor
2. Metal oxide resistor
3. Metal film resistor
4. Wire wound resistor
5. Variable resistor-carbon resistor
CAPACITOR:
Capacitor is an electrical device used for storing electrical energy. The stored electrical energy is the form of a current in to the circuits which the capacitor form a part. Capacitor is one of the important components used in Radio, TV and other electronic circuits.
TYPES OF CAPACITOR:
1. Paper Capacitor
2. Mica Capacitor
3. Ceramic Capacitor
4. Electrolytic Capacitor
5. Variable Capacitor
VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable DC voltage independent of the load current, temperature and AC line voltage variations. Although Voltage regulators can be designed using op-amps it is quicker and easier to use IC voltage regulator. The IC voltage regulators are inscribe and inexpensive and are available with features such as programmable, output, current voltage, boosting and floating operation for high voltage application.
7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
78XX series are three terminal positive fixed voltage regulators. There are seven output voltage options available such as 5, 6, 8,12,15,18 and 24V in 78XX the two numbers (XX) indicate the output voltage. The connection of a 7805-voltage regulator is show infix. The AC line voltage is stepped down a cross each half of the center tapped transformers. If full wane rectifier and capacitors filter then provides an unregulated DC voltage with AC ripple of a few volts as a input to the voltage regulator. The 7805 of IC provides an output of +5 Volts D.C.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
OPERATION BRIDGE RECTIFIER
During positive half cycle of input signal, anode of diode 1 becomes positive and at the sometime due anode of diode D2 becomes negative. Hence D1 conducts and D2 does not conduct. The load currier flow through D1 and the voltage drop across RL will be equal to the input voltage. During the negative half cycle of the input the anode of D1 becomes negative and the anode of D2 becomes positive. Hence D1 does not conduct and D2 conducts. The load current flow through D2 and the voltage drop across RC will be equal to the input voltage. The maximum efficiency of a full wane rectifier is 81.2% and ripple factor is 0.48 peak inverses voltage for full ware rectifies is 2VM because the entire secondary voltage appears across the non-conducting diode.
History:
The original PIC was built to be used with General Instrument's new 16-bit CPU, the CP1600. While generally a good CPU, the CP1600 had poor I/O performance, and the 8-bit PIC was developed in 1975 to improve performance of the overall system by offloading I/O tasks from the CPU. The PIC used simple microcode stored in ROM to perform its tasks, and although the term was not used at the time, it shares some common features with RISC designs.
General Instrument spun off their microelectronics division and the new ownership cancelled almost everything which by this time was mostly out-of-date. The PIC, however, was upgraded with internal EPROM to produce a programmable channel controller and today a huge variety of PICs are available with various on-board peripherals (communication modules, UARTs, motor control kernels, etc.) and program memory from 256 words to 64k words and more (a "word" is one assembly language instruction, varying from 12, 14 or 16 bits depending on the specific PIC micro family).
PIC and PIC micro are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology. It is generally thought that PIC stands for Peripheral Interface Controller, although General Instruments' original acronym for the initial PIC1640 and PIC1650 devices was "Programmable Interface Controller". The acronym was quickly replaced with "Programmable Intelligent Computer".
The Microchip 16C84 (PIC16x84) was the first microchip CPU with on-chip EEPROM memory. This electrically erasable memory made it cost less than CPUs that required a quartz "erase window" for erasing EPROM.PIC is a family of modified Harvard Architecture microcontroller made by Microchip technology, derived from the PIC1650 originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface Controller". PICs are popular with both industrial developers and hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-programming with flash memory) capability.
Core architecture:
The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:
Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) for devices other than PIC32, which has a Von Neumann architecture.
A small number of fixed length instructions
Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles, or 4 clock cycles in 8-bit models), with one delay cycle on branches and skips
One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode)
All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or destination of math and other functions.
A hardware stack for storing return addresses
A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256 bytes), extended through banking
Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers
The program counter is also mapped into the data space and writable (this is used to implement indirect jumps).
There is no distinction between memory space and register space because the RAM serves the job of both memory and registers, and the RAM is usually just referred to as the register file or simply as the registers.
Data space (RAM):
PICs have a set of registers that function as general purpose RAM. Special purpose control registers for on-chip hardware resources are also mapped into the data space. The addressability of memory varies depending on device series, and all PIC devices have some banking mechanism to extend addressing to additional memory. Later series of devices feature move instructions which can cover the whole addressable space, independent of the selected bank. In earlier devices, any register move had to be achieved via the accumulator.
To implement indirect addressing, a "file select register" (FSR) and "indirect register" (INDF) are used. A register number is written to the FSR, after which reads from or writes to INDF will actually be to or from the register pointed to by FSR. Later devices extended this concept with post- and pre- increment/decrement for greater efficiency in accessing sequentially stored data. This also allows FSR to be treated almost like a stack pointer (SP).
Code space:
The code space is generally implemented as ROM, EPROM or flash ROM. In general, external code memory is not directly addressable due to the lack of an external memory interface. The exceptions are PIC17 and select high pin count PIC18 devices.
Word size:
All PICs handle (and address) data in 8-bit chunks. However, the unit of addressability of the code space is not generally the same as the data space. For example, PICs in the baseline (PIC12) and mid-range (PIC16) families have program memory addressable in the same word size as the instruction width, i.e. 12 or 14 bits respectively. In contrast, in the PIC18 series, the program memory is addressed in 8-bit increments (bytes), which differ from the instruction width of 16 bits.
In order to be clear, the program memory capacity is usually stated in number of (single word) instructions, rather than in bytes.
Stacks:
PICs have a hardware call stack, which is used to save return addresses. The hardware stack is not software accessible on earlier devices, but this changed with the 18 series devices.
Hardware support for a general purpose parameter stack was lacking in early series, but this greatly improved in the 18 series, making the 18 series architecture more friendly to high level language compilers.
Instruction set:
A PIC's instructions vary from about 35 instructions for the low-end PICs to over 80 instructions for the high-end PICs. The instruction set includes instructions to perform a variety of operations on registers directly, the accumulator and a literal constant or the accumulator and a register, as well as for conditional execution, and program branching. Some operations, such as bit setting and testing, can be performed on any numbered register, but bi-operand arithmetic operations always involve W (the accumulator), writing the result back to either W or the other operand register.
To load a constant, it is necessary to load it into W before it can be moved into another register. On the older cores, all register moves needed to pass through W, but this changed on the "high end" cores.PIC cores have skip instructions which are used for conditional execution and branching. The skip instructions are 'skip if bit set' and 'skip if bit not set'. Because cores before PIC18 had only unconditional branch instructions, conditional jumps are implemented by a conditional skip (with the opposite condition) followed by an unconditional branch. Skips are also of utility for conditional execution of any immediate single following instruction.
High-Performance RISC CPU:
• Only 35 single-word instructions to learn
• All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle
• Operating speed: DC – 20 MHz clock input DC – 200 ns instruction cycle
• Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory
• Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers
Peripheral Features:
• Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
• Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock
• Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
• Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns
- Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns
- PWM max. resolution is 10-bit
• Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI™ (Master mode) and I2C™ (Master/Slave)
• Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection
• Parallel Slave Port (PSP) – 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only)
• Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Analog Features:
• 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D)
• Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Analog Comparator module with:
- Two analog comparators
- Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module
- Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference
- Comparator outputs are externally accessible Special Microcontroller Features:
• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical
• 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical
• Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
• Self-reprogrammable under software control
• In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins
• Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
• Programmable code protection
• Power saving Sleep mode
• Selectable oscillator options
• In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins CMOS Technology:
• Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology
• Fully static design
• Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
• Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges
• Low-power consumption
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (A/D) MODULE:
The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter module has five inputs for the 28-pin devices and eight for the 40/44-pin devices. The conversion of an analog input signal results in acorresponding 10-bit digital number. The A/D module has high and low-voltage reference input that is software selectable to some combination of VDD, VSS, RA2 or RA3. The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in Sleep mode. To operate in Sleep, the A/D clock must be derived from the A/D’s internal RC oscillator. The A/D module has four registers.
These registers are:
• A/D Result High Register (ADRESH)
• A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)
• A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)
• A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)
The ADCON0 register, shown in Register 11-1, controls the operation of the A/D module. The ADCON1 register, shown in Register 11-2, configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins can be configured as analog inputs (RA3 can also be the voltage reference) or as digital I/O. Additional information on using the A/D module can be found in the PIC micro® Mid-Range MCU Family.
The ADRESH:ADRESL registers contain the 10-bit result of the A/D conversion. When the A/D conversion is complete, the result is loaded into this A/D Result register pair, the GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<2>) is cleared and the A/D interrupt flag bit ADIF is set. The block diagram of the A/D module is shown in Figure 11-1. After the A/D module has been configured as desired, the selected channel must be acquired before the conversion is started. The analog input channels must have their corresponding TRIS bits selected as inputs. To determine sample time, see Section 11.1 “A/D Acquisition Requirements”. After this acquisition time has elapsed, the A/D conversion can be started.
To do an A/D Conversion, follow these steps:
1. Configure the A/D module:
• Configure analog pins/voltage reference and digital I/O (ADCON1)
• Select A/D input channel (ADCON0)
• Select A/D conversion clock (ADCON0)
• Turn on A/D module (ADCON0)
2. Configure A/D interrupt (if desired):
• Clear ADIF bit
• Set ADIE bit
• Set PEIE bit
• Set GIE bit
3. Wait the required acquisition time.
4. Start conversion:
• Set GO/DONE bit (ADCON0)
5. Wait for A/D conversion to complete by either:
• Polling for the GO/DONE bit to be cleared (interrupts disabled); OR
• Waiting for the A/D interrupt
6. Read A/D Result register pair (ADRESH: ADRESL), clear bit ADIF if required.
7. For the next conversion, go to step 1 or step 2 as required. The A/D conversion time per bit is
Special Features
All PIC16F87XA devices have a host of features intended to maximize system reliability, minimize cost through elimination of external components, provide power saving operating modes and offer code protection. These are:
• Oscillator Selection
• Reset
- Power-on Reset (POR)
- Power-up Timer (PWRT)
- Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
- Brown-out Reset (BOR)
• Interrupts
• Watchdog Timer (WDT)
• Sleep
• Code Protection
• ID Locations
• In-Circuit Serial Programming
• Low-Voltage In-Circuit Serial Programming
• In-Circuit Debugger
PIC16F87XA devices have a Watchdog Timer, which can be shut-off only through configuration bits. It runs off its own RC oscillator for added reliability. There are two timers that offer necessary delays on power-up. One is the Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST),Power-up Timer (PWRT), which provides a fixed delay of 72 ms (nominal) on power-up only. It is designed to keep the part in Reset while the power supply stabilizes. With these two timers on-chip, most applications need no external Reset circuitry.
Sleep mode is designed to offer a very low current power-down mode. The user can wake-up from Sleep through external Reset, Watchdog Timer wake-up or through an interrupt. Several oscillator options are also made available to allow the part to fit the application. The RC oscillator option saves system cost while the LP crystal option saves power. A set of configuration bits is used to select various options.
Configuration Bits:
The configuration bits can be programmed (read as ‘0’), or left unprogrammed (read as ‘1’) to select various device configurations. The erased or unprogrammed value of the Configuration Word register is 3FFFh. These bits are mapped in program memory location 2007h. It is important to note that address 2007h is beyond the user program memory space which can be accessed only during programming.
Software emulation:
Commercial and free emulators exist for the PIC family processors.
In-circuit debugging:
Later model PICs feature an ICD (in-circuit debugging) interface, built into the CPU core. ICD debuggers (MPLAB ICD2 and other third party) can communicate with this interface using three lines. This cheap and simple debugging system comes at a price however, namely limited breakpoint count (1 on older pics 3 on newer PICs), loss of some IO (with the exception of some surface mount 44-pin PICs which have dedicated lines for debugging) and loss of some features of the chip. For small PICs, where the loss of IO caused by this method would be unacceptable, special headers are made which are fitted with PICs that have extra pins specifically for debugging.
In-circuit emulators:
Microchip offers three full in circuit emulators: the MPLAB ICE2000 (parallel interface, a USB converter is available); the newer MPLAB ICE4000 (USB 2.0 connection); and most recently, the REAL ICE. All of these ICE tools can be used with the MPLAB IDE for full source-level debugging of code running on the target.
The ICE2000 requires emulator modules, and the test hardware must provide a socket which can take either an emulator module, or a production device. The REAL ICE connects directly to production devices which support in-circuit emulation through the PGC/PGD programming interface, or through a high speed connection which uses two more pins. According to Microchip, it supports "most" flash-based PIC, PIC24, and dsPIC processors. The ICE4000 is no longer directly advertised on Microchip's website, and the purchasing page states that it is not recommended for new designs.
PIC Kit 2 opens source structure:
PICKit 2 has been an interesting PIC programmer from Microchip. It can program all PICs and debug most of the PICs (as of May-2009, only the PIC32 family is not supported for MPLAB debugging). Ever since it’s first releases, all software source code (firmware, PC application) and hardware schematic are open to the public. This makes it relatively easy for an end user to modify the programmer for use with a non-Windows operating system such as Linux or Mac OS. In the meantime, it also creates lots of DIY interest and clones. This open source structure brings many features to the PICKit 2 community such as Programmer-to-Go, the UART Tool and the Logic Tool, which have been contributed by PICKit 2 users. Users have also added such features to the PICKit 2 as 4MB Programmer-to-go capability, USB buck/boost circuits, RJ12 type connectors and others.
Advantages:
The PIC architectures have these advantages:
Small instruction set to learn
RISC architecture
Built in oscillator with selectable speeds
Easy entry level, in circuit programming plus in circuit debugging PICKit units available from Microchip.com for less than $50
Inexpensive microcontrollers
Wide range of interfaces including I²C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet
Limitations:
The PIC architectures have these limitations:
One accumulator
Register-bank switching is required to access the entire RAM of many devices
Operations and registers are not orthogonal; some instructions can address RAM and/or immediate constants, while others can only use the accumulator
The following stack limitations have been addressed in the PIC18 series, but still apply to earlier cores:
The hardware call stack is not addressable, so preemptive task switching cannot be implemented
Software-implemented stacks are not efficient, so it is difficult to generate reentrant code and support local variables
With paged program memory, there are two page sizes to worry about: one for CALL and GOTO and another for computed GOTO (typically used for table lookups). For example, on PIC16, CALL and GOTO have 11 bits of addressing, so the page size is 2048 instruction words. For computed GOTOs, where you add to PCL, the page size is 256 instruction words. In both cases, the upper address bits are provided by the PCLATH register. This register must be changed every time control transfers between pages. PCLATH must also be preserved by any interrupt handler.