08-09-2017, 11:51 AM
Organic chemistry is a chemical subdiscipline that involves the scientific study of the structure, properties and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, ie matter in its various forms containing carbon atoms. The structure study includes many physical and chemical methods for determining the chemical composition and chemical constitution of compounds and organic materials. The study of properties includes both physical properties and chemical properties, and uses similar methods as well as methods for assessing chemical reactivity, with the aim of understanding the behavior of organic matter in its pure form (where possible), but also in solutions, mixtures, and fabricated forms. The study of organic reactions includes the study of their scope by the use in the preparation of objective compounds (eg, natural products, drugs, polymers, etc.) by chemical synthesis, as well as the focused study of the reactivities of organic molecules both in the laboratory and via theoretical study (in silico).
The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen), as well as a myriad of compositions always based on carbon, but also contains other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many organic chemicals in biology) and the radiostable elements of halogens.
In the modern era, the range further extends into the periodic table, with the main elements of the group, including:
• Group 1 and 2 organometallic compounds, ie involving alkali metals (eg lithium, sodium and potassium) or alkaline earth metals (eg magnesium)
• Metaloids (eg boron and silicon) or other metals (eg aluminum and tin)
In addition, much modern research focuses on organic chemistry involving other organometallic compounds, including lanthanides, but especially transition metals; (eg, zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium).
Three representations of an organic compound, 5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), a steroid hormone. For molecules that show color, carbon atoms are in black, hydrogen in gray and oxygen in red. In the linear angle representation, the carbon atoms are involved in each term of a line and vertex of multiple lines, and the hydrogen atoms are implicit to fill the remaining necessary valences (up to 4).
Finally, organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute a significant part of human efforts in chemistry. The open carbon bonding patterns, with their valence of single, double and triple formal bonds, as well as various structures with delocalised electrons, make the matrix of organic compounds structurally diverse and their range of applications enormous. Either they form the basis of, or are important constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemical products and products made from them (including lubricants, solvents, etc.); plastic; fuels and explosives; etc. As noted, the study of organic chemistry overlaps with organometallic chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, as well as many aspects of material science.
The range of chemicals studied in organic chemistry includes hydrocarbons (compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen), as well as a myriad of compositions always based on carbon, but also contains other elements, especially oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus (included in many organic chemicals in biology) and the radiostable elements of halogens.
In the modern era, the range further extends into the periodic table, with the main elements of the group, including:
• Group 1 and 2 organometallic compounds, ie involving alkali metals (eg lithium, sodium and potassium) or alkaline earth metals (eg magnesium)
• Metaloids (eg boron and silicon) or other metals (eg aluminum and tin)
In addition, much modern research focuses on organic chemistry involving other organometallic compounds, including lanthanides, but especially transition metals; (eg, zinc, copper, palladium, nickel, cobalt, titanium and chromium).
Three representations of an organic compound, 5α-Dihydroprogesterone (5α-DHP), a steroid hormone. For molecules that show color, carbon atoms are in black, hydrogen in gray and oxygen in red. In the linear angle representation, the carbon atoms are involved in each term of a line and vertex of multiple lines, and the hydrogen atoms are implicit to fill the remaining necessary valences (up to 4).
Finally, organic compounds form the basis of all earthly life and constitute a significant part of human efforts in chemistry. The open carbon bonding patterns, with their valence of single, double and triple formal bonds, as well as various structures with delocalised electrons, make the matrix of organic compounds structurally diverse and their range of applications enormous. Either they form the basis of, or are important constituents of, many commercial products including pharmaceuticals; petrochemical products and products made from them (including lubricants, solvents, etc.); plastic; fuels and explosives; etc. As noted, the study of organic chemistry overlaps with organometallic chemistry and biochemistry, but also with medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, as well as many aspects of material science.