22-03-2011, 02:15 PM
Presented by
S.GOPI KRISHNA
34. optical_switch.ppt (Size: 1,015.5 KB / Downloads: 179)
Optical Switching
Switch Fabrics, Techniques and Architectures
Introduction
Internet traffic has doubled per year
New services like VOD, IPTV
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is developed
– Can transport tens to hundreds of wavelengths per fiber
Then, What is problem?
– Slow O/E/O conversion.
– Electronic equipment is dependent on the data rate & protocol. (non-transparent)
Goal?
– All optical!
Optical switch - OXC
What is Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)?
– Set up light paths
Electrical XC, All-optical XC, Opaque XC
– Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
Optical Switch Fabrics
– Allow switching directly in the optical domain (All-optical)
– Important parameters
– Switching time (↓)
– Insertion loss (↓ and loss uniformity at all input-output connections)
– Crosstalk (↓)
– Extinction ratio (ratio of ON-OFF power) (↑)
– Polarization-dependent loss (↓)
– Reliability, energy usage, scalability, temperature resistance
– Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
Main optical switching technologies
– Opto-mechanical Switch
• Use prisms, mirrors, directional couplers.
• Lack of scalability
– Micro-electro-mechanical System Device (MEMS)
• Use tiny reflective surfaces to redirect the light
• 2D-MEMS(on-off mirror)
• 3D-MEMS(movable mirror)
• Scalability
• low loss
• short switching time
• Low power consumption
• Low crosstalk
• Low polarization effect
Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
– Electro-optic Switch
• Use a directional coupler
• Its coupling ratio is changed by varying the refractive index
Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
Optical switch – large switches
Main considerations in building Large switch
– Number of small switches required
– Loss uniformity
– Number of crossovers
• cause power loss, crosstalk
– Blocking Characteristics
• Blocking vs. non-blocking
Optical Packet Switching
Optical Circuit Switching
– Limited circuit
– Low efficiency (due to fixed bandwidth)
– Optical Packet Switching
– Using Packet ( = Header (for routing) + Data )
If Optical Packet Switching is realized, it can
– allocate WDM channels on demand (microsecond)
– share network resource efficiently
– support burst traffic efficiently
– offer high-speed data rate/format transparency & configurability
Optical Packet Switching
What is the problem in implementing OPS?
– Long Switching time
– Buffer is needed
Long switching time is due to
– Extracting the routing information from the header
– Controlling switching matrix electronically
– Performing the switching and buffering functions
Buffer at Optical domain is needed
– Data should be buffered while header is processed
– When a contention is occurred
– When the bandwidth is not sufficient
We don’t have perfect solutions yet.
Optical Packet Switching
Contention Resolution
– Buffering
• Using FDL (Fiber Delay Line)
– bulky, expensive, indefinite, Quality degradation
• Solutions to reduce the number of FDLs,
– synchronous manner
– Use TOWC (Tunable optical wavelength converter)
– Deflection routing
• Only one packet – desired link, others – longer links
• There can be the looping of packets
Optical Packet Switching
Architecture
Optical Packet Switching
Shared Wavelength Converters
Optical Burst Switching
Switch the channels entirely in the optical domain using electronic tech.
Process
– Assemble the packets (have same destination) -> make bursts at the edge
– Bursts are assigned to wavelength channels
– Switched through transparently without any conversion
– Disassemble into the original packets
– No need for Optical buffer.
Optical Burst Switching
How is it possible?
– reservation request
(control packet)
– Using offset-time
Optical Burst Switching
QoS Support
The future of Optical switching
GMPLS - Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
Extends common control plane to support various interfaces.
Conclusion
Optical fiber is not fully exploited
Switching functions must be executed optically
Two obstacles
– The lack of optical memory
– processing capabilities in optical domain
In the future, breakthroughs may counteract the fundamental limitations of optics
Then, current network is completely changed
S.GOPI KRISHNA
34. optical_switch.ppt (Size: 1,015.5 KB / Downloads: 179)
Optical Switching
Switch Fabrics, Techniques and Architectures
Introduction
Internet traffic has doubled per year
New services like VOD, IPTV
DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is developed
– Can transport tens to hundreds of wavelengths per fiber
Then, What is problem?
– Slow O/E/O conversion.
– Electronic equipment is dependent on the data rate & protocol. (non-transparent)
Goal?
– All optical!
Optical switch - OXC
What is Optical Cross-Connect (OXC)?
– Set up light paths
Electrical XC, All-optical XC, Opaque XC
– Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
Optical Switch Fabrics
– Allow switching directly in the optical domain (All-optical)
– Important parameters
– Switching time (↓)
– Insertion loss (↓ and loss uniformity at all input-output connections)
– Crosstalk (↓)
– Extinction ratio (ratio of ON-OFF power) (↑)
– Polarization-dependent loss (↓)
– Reliability, energy usage, scalability, temperature resistance
– Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
Main optical switching technologies
– Opto-mechanical Switch
• Use prisms, mirrors, directional couplers.
• Lack of scalability
– Micro-electro-mechanical System Device (MEMS)
• Use tiny reflective surfaces to redirect the light
• 2D-MEMS(on-off mirror)
• 3D-MEMS(movable mirror)
• Scalability
• low loss
• short switching time
• Low power consumption
• Low crosstalk
• Low polarization effect
Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
– Electro-optic Switch
• Use a directional coupler
• Its coupling ratio is changed by varying the refractive index
Optical switch - Optical Switch Fabrics
Optical switch – large switches
Main considerations in building Large switch
– Number of small switches required
– Loss uniformity
– Number of crossovers
• cause power loss, crosstalk
– Blocking Characteristics
• Blocking vs. non-blocking
Optical Packet Switching
Optical Circuit Switching
– Limited circuit
– Low efficiency (due to fixed bandwidth)
– Optical Packet Switching
– Using Packet ( = Header (for routing) + Data )
If Optical Packet Switching is realized, it can
– allocate WDM channels on demand (microsecond)
– share network resource efficiently
– support burst traffic efficiently
– offer high-speed data rate/format transparency & configurability
Optical Packet Switching
What is the problem in implementing OPS?
– Long Switching time
– Buffer is needed
Long switching time is due to
– Extracting the routing information from the header
– Controlling switching matrix electronically
– Performing the switching and buffering functions
Buffer at Optical domain is needed
– Data should be buffered while header is processed
– When a contention is occurred
– When the bandwidth is not sufficient
We don’t have perfect solutions yet.
Optical Packet Switching
Contention Resolution
– Buffering
• Using FDL (Fiber Delay Line)
– bulky, expensive, indefinite, Quality degradation
• Solutions to reduce the number of FDLs,
– synchronous manner
– Use TOWC (Tunable optical wavelength converter)
– Deflection routing
• Only one packet – desired link, others – longer links
• There can be the looping of packets
Optical Packet Switching
Architecture
Optical Packet Switching
Shared Wavelength Converters
Optical Burst Switching
Switch the channels entirely in the optical domain using electronic tech.
Process
– Assemble the packets (have same destination) -> make bursts at the edge
– Bursts are assigned to wavelength channels
– Switched through transparently without any conversion
– Disassemble into the original packets
– No need for Optical buffer.
Optical Burst Switching
How is it possible?
– reservation request
(control packet)
– Using offset-time
Optical Burst Switching
QoS Support
The future of Optical switching
GMPLS - Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching
Extends common control plane to support various interfaces.
Conclusion
Optical fiber is not fully exploited
Switching functions must be executed optically
Two obstacles
– The lack of optical memory
– processing capabilities in optical domain
In the future, breakthroughs may counteract the fundamental limitations of optics
Then, current network is completely changed