18-06-2011, 10:57 AM
dna based computing.ppt (Size: 1.37 MB / Downloads: 102)
Conception
Silicon is the life for today's computers.
Moore’s Law states that silicon microprocessors double in complexity roughly every two years.
One day this will no longer hold true when miniaturisation limits are reached. Intel scientists say it will happen in about the year 2018.
Require a successor to silicon.
What is DNA?
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA represents the genetic blueprint of living creatures
DNA contains “instructions” for assembling cells
Every cell in human body has a complete set of DNA
DNA is unique for each individual
Structure of DNA
The DNA is a double stranded molecule.
These two strands run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel.
Each strand is a series of
4 different nucleotides
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine ©
Structure of DNA(continued)
The key thing to note about the structure of
DNA is it’s inherent complementarity.
A binds with T and G binds with C
(A) (T)
©(G)
One strand is therefore the
“mirror image of another”
Complement of AGGCT is TCCGA
DNA Computing
DNA computing is a form of computing which uses DNA, biochemistry and molecular biology, instead of the traditional silicon-based computer technologies.
This field was initially developed by Leonard Adleman of the University of Southern California, in 1994.
Basics And Origin of DNA Computing:
DNA computing is utilizing the property of DNA for massively parallel computation.
With an appropriate setup and enough DNA, one can potentially solve huge problems by parallel search.
Leonard Adleman proposed that the makeup of DNA and its multitude of possible combining nucleotides could have application in computational research techniques.
Adleman demonstrated a proof-of-concept use of DNA as a form of computation which solved the seven-point Hamiltonian path problem.
Computation Algorithm
STEP1:Encode the city names in short DNA sequences . Encode the Itineraries by connecting the city sequences for which the routes exist .
The DNA molecules are generated by a machine called DNA synthesizer
Polymerase chain reaction is used to produce many copies of the DNA
PCR is iterative and uses an enzyme called polymerase
Polymerase copies a section of single stranded DNA starting at the position of the primer, which is DNA complimentary to one end of the Interested section.
Step 2: Sort the DNA by length and select
the DNA whose length Corresponds to 5 cities.
STEP 3:Successively filter the DNA molecules
by city, one city at a Time.
STEP 4:If any DNA is left in the tube, it is the Hamiltonian Path.
Uniqueness of DNA
Why is DNA a Unique Computational Element?
Extremely dense information storage.
Enormous parallelism.
Extraordinary energy efficiency.
Dense Information Storage
This image shows 1 gram of DNA on a CD. The CD can hold 800 MB of data.
The 1 gram of DNA can hold about 1x1014 MB of data.
The number of CDs required to hold this amount of information, lined up edge to edge, would circle the Earth 375 times, and would take 163,000 centuries to listen to.
How Dense is the Information Storage?
with bases spaced at 0.35 nm along DNA, data density is over a million Gbits/inch compared to 7 Gbits/inch in typical high performance HDD.
Check this out………..
How enormous is the parallelism?
A test tube of DNA can contain trillions of strands. Each operation on a test tube of DNA is carried out on all strands in the tube in parallel !
Check this out……. We Typically use
Massive parallel machines (potential) :-
Desktop PC : 109 ops/sec
Supercomputer : 1012 ops/sec
1 µmol of DNA : 1026 reactions…(isn’t amazing)
MAYA-II (First DNA computer) :-
Stand for (Molecular Array of YES and AND logic gate )
Replacing the normally silicon-based circuits, this chip has DNA strands to form the circuit
MAYA-II has more than 100 DNA circuits
Advantages of a DNA Computer:-
Parallel Computing- DNA computers are massively parallel.
Incredibly light weight- With only 1 LB of DNA you have more computing power than all the computers ever made.
Low power- The only power needed is to keep DNA from denaturing.
Solves Complex Problems quickly- A DNA computer can solve hardest of problems in a matter of weeks
Limitations
DNA is redundant.
The process required much human intervention.
DNA has a half-life.
Solutions could dissolve away before the end result is found.
The computation time required to solve problems with a DNA computer does not grow exponentially, but amount of DNA required DOES.
Suited for specific problems, difficult to generalize
Applications of first generation DNA Computers
Gene analysis.
Useful to Government to break secret codes
To Airlines to map efficient routes
To understand about human Brain – the natural Super Computer
Future possibilities
Future
Future is very bright to solving complex problem.
If research gets successful, it will eliminate the Silicon based Super Computers.
More powerful dna computers are likely to be introduced very soon.
Conclusion
DNA computers showing enormous potential, especially for medical purposes as well as data processing applications.
Still a lot of work and resources required to develop it into a fully fledged product.