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INTRODUCTION
Sugercane culture has dates from antiquity and originating in hot is now new guinea in the south pacific about 8000 years ago and spread to the near by soloman Iceland ,the new Hebrides and then to new Caledonia (brandes,1956) .
Human migration routs to southeast asea , india and Polynesia . barber ,1931 found the earliest mention of sugarcane any Indian writing of the period 1400-1000bc.
Its eastward spread has been traced to the migration of the pacific Islanders when it arrived in Hawaii between 600 and 1100 A.D.
The mountains and desert of Afaganistan,balauchistan,and east Persia served as natural barrier against the spread of can to other areas for centuries.
It eventually reached percia in the sixth centuries.sugar cane culture slowly spread wastewar dreaching Persia by 500 A.D.
when his armies conquered Persia they found sugarcane and adopted its cultivation , carrying it with them in their conquests, now calling it ‘’the Persian reed ‘’.
Then,crossing the mediterranean to southern spain by 755A.D. and to sicily in 1950A.D. the sugar industries in spain was very successful with about 30000 ha of cane being cultivated by about 1150A.D.
The original world of sugar probably the sansrit word for suger sarkara , the east Indian word for sugar was (shekar), in aerobic , it was (alzucar) , adopted in Spanish as (azucar) , French as (sucre) .
The 10th century Europe , sugar is considered as valuable medicine . later it was considered as rare spice and its price as high as that of peppar , saffron and cinnamol .
Sugar shaped a good deal of history of the new world the history suger in west is an important subject for understanding the emerging industrial power of Europe in 1700s and 1800s . sugarcane was grown extensively in the caribbenl and still growing on some Iisland. In coloneal times, suger was a major product of the triangular trade of new world raw materials , European manufactures.
Micropropagation (propagation through apical meristem) is established not only a popular mean of clonal propagation but also most viable and successful method for production of pathogen free stock material. The main advantage of micropropagation is the rapid multiplication of new varieties, improved plant health and its usefulness in germplasm storage.
It is the best method for propagation as it produces plants phenotypically similar to the mother plant and gives much more rapid multiplication rate.
Objective’s of present study
1) Selection and sterilization of explants.
2) Standardization of micropropogation protocol for sugarcane.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The method of producing large number of identical clones by In vitro culture is being routinely used for wide range of plant species (Biondi, 1986). The results of present study demonstrates the regeneration potential of shoot apex of different sizes into plants.
Kartha (1986) and Siddiqui (1993) also reported the role of size of meristem shoot formation and proliferation. In the present investigation, best results for shoot formation and proliferation were obtained when meristem of size 3.0 mm was used.
Among different concentrations of BAP used, 1.5 mg/l provided best shoot formation response (Table 1a, medium AM2). In case of BL-4, 0.5 mg/l
of BAP with 0.25 mg/l Kinetin provided good shoot formation response. Many workers have reported the use of kinetin with BAP for shoot
formation in sugarcane (Shukla, 1994).
Bud formation begins with an asymmetric division of target cell, several cells back from the tip. This step is initiated by cytokinin binding to an unidentified receptor within the target cell and its further development
requires the continuous presence of cytokinins (Saunders & Hepler, 1982).
The initial response of cytokinin may be mediated by an increase in the cytosolic
calcium concentration by promoting calcium uptake from the medium. Calcium affects.
The cytoskeleton, which can regulate exocytosis (Hager et al., 1991). Calcium ions have been shown to act through the regulating protein calmodulin. Each calmodulin have four high affinity calcium binding site.
Therefore, the calcium ions may act as secondary messenger,
transforming the hormonal signal into a biochemical switch regulating the initial stages of bud formation (Overvoodre & grimes, 1994).
In the present study best rooting response was obtained in full strength MS medium
supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA with 2.0 mg/l IBA (Table 4a and b Fig. 6a and b).
Anbalagan et al., (2000) and Nadgauda (2002) reported high concentration i.e., 5.0mg/l of NAA or combination of two auxins NAA and IBA for rooting in sugarcane.
Pruski et al., (2005) found the combination of IBA and NAA best for rooting.
However, Lal & Singh (1999) reported that 1.0 mg/l NAA for best rooting response in
sugarcane. Cooke (2002) also preferred low auxin concentration as most suitable one for rooting in sugarcane.
As auxins of all types stimulate plant cell to produce ethylene, especially when high amount of synthetic auxins are used. Ethylene retard root elongation (Weiler, 1984; Pau & Chi, 1993).