18-10-2016, 12:18 PM
1459611933-NEARFIELDCOMMUNICATION.docx (Size: 774.18 KB / Downloads: 5)
ABSTRACT
NFC is one of the latest wireless communication technologies. As a
short-range wireless connectivity technology, NFC offers safe yet simple
and intuitive communication between electronic devices. Users of NFC-enabled
devices can simply point or touch their devices to other NFC-enabled elements
in the environment to communicate with them, making application and data
usage easy and convenient.
With NFC technology, communication occurs when an NFC- compatible
device is brought within a few centimeters of another NFC device or an NFC
tag. The big advantage of the short transmission range is that it
inhibits eavesdropping on NFC - enabled transactions. NFC technology
opens up exciting new usage scenarios for mobile device .
INTRODUCTION
Near Field Communication (NFC) is a technology for contactless short-range communication. Based on the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), it uses magnetic field induction to enable communication between electronic devices. The number of short-range applications for NFC technology is growing continuously, appearing in all areas of life. Especially the use in conjunction with mobile phones offers great opportunities.
One of the main goals of NFC technology has been to make the benefits of short-range contactless communications available to consumers globally. The existing radio frequency (RF) technology base has so far been driven by various business needs, such as logistics and item tracking. While the technology behind NFC is found in existing applications, there has been a shift in focus most notably, in how the technology is used and what it offers to consumers.
With just a point or a touch, NFC enables effortless use of the devices and gadgets we use daily. Here are some examples of what a user can do with an NFC mobile phone in an NFC-enabled environment:
• Download music or video from a smart poster.
• Exchange business cards with another phone.
• Pay bus or train fare.
• Print an image on a printer
• Use a point-of-sale terminal to pay for a purchase, the same way as with a standard contactless credit card.
• Pair two Bluetooth devices.
An NFC-enabled phone functions much like standard contactless smart cards that are used worldwide in credit cards and in tickets for public transit systems. Once an application, such as a credit card application, has been securely provisioned to the NFC-enabled phone, the customer can pay by simply waving the phone at a point-of-sale reader. The NFC phone also offers enhanced security, enabling the user to protect the secure applications through the phone's user interface features.
NEAR FIELD AND FAR FIELD
The terms ―far field‖ and ―near field‖ describe the fields around an antenna or, more generally, any electromagnetic-radiation source .The names imply that two regions with a boundary between them exist around an antenna. Actually, as many as three regions and two boundaries exist. These boundaries are not fixed in space. Instead, the boundaries move closer to or farther from an antenna, depending on both the radiation frequency and the amount of error an application can tolerate. To talk about these quantities, we need a way to describe these regions and boundaries.
USING AN ELEMENTAL DIPOLE’S FIELD
Defining a near-field/far-field boundary, we use a strictly algebraic approach .We need equations that describe two important concepts: the fields from an elemental—that is, small—electric dipole antenna and from an elemental magnetic loop antenna. SK Schelkunoff derived these equations using Maxwell’s equations. We can represent an ideal electric dipole antenna by a short uniform current element of a certain length,
4.1 ESSENTIAL SPECIFICATIONS
• Like ISO 14443, NFC communicates via magnetic field induction, where two loop antennas are located within each other's near field, effectively forming an air-core transformer. It operates within the globally available and unlicensed radio frequency ISM band of 13.56 MHz, with a bandwidth of almost 2 MHz.
• Working distance with compact standard antennas: up to 20 cm .
• Supported data rates: 106, 212, or 424 kbit/s .
• There are two modes:
o Passive Communication Mode: The Initiator device provides a carrier field and the target device answers by modulating existing field. In this mode, the Target device may draw its operating power from the
Initiator-provided electromagnetic field, thus making the Target device a transponder.
o Active Communication Mode: Both Initiator and Target device communicate by alternately generating their own field. A device deactivates its RF field while it is waiting for data. In this mode, both devices typically need to have a power supply.
STANDARDS AND COMPATIBILITY
Near Field Communication is an open platform technology, developed by Philips and Sony. NFC, described by NFCIP-1 (Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol 1), is standardized in ISO 18092, ECMA 340 as well as in ETSI TS 102 190. These standards specify the basic capabilities, such as the transfer speeds, the bit encoding schemes, modulation, the frame architecture, and the transport protocol. Furthermore, the active and passive NFC modes are described and the conditions that are required to prevent collisions during initialization.
NFC devices not only implement NFCIP-1, but also NFCIP-2, which is defined in ISO 21481 , ECMA 352 and ETSI TS 102 312. NFCIP-2 allows for selecting one of three operating modes:
• NFC data transfer (NFCIP-1),
• proximity coupling device (PCD), defined in ISO 14443 , and
• vicinity coupling device (VCD), defined in ISO 15693 .
NFC devices have to provide these three functions in order to be compatible with the main international standards for smartcard interoperability, ISO 14443 (proximity cards, e.g. Philip’s Mifare ), ISO 15693 (vicinity cards) and to Sonys FeliCa contactless smart card system. Hence, as a combination of smartcard and contactless interconnection technologies, NFC is compatible with today’s field proven RFID-technology.That means, it is providing compatibility with the millions of contactless smartcards and scanners that already exist worldwide.
TECHNOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
NFC operates in the standard, globally available 13.56MHz frequency band. Possible supported data transfer rates are 106, 212 and 424 kbps and there is potential for higher data rates. The technology has been designed for communications up to a distance of 20 cm, but typically it is used within less than 10 cm. This short range is not a disadvantage, since it aggravates eavesdropping.
5.1 COMMUNICATION MODES: ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
The NFC interface can operate in two different modes: active and passive. An active device generates its own radio frequency (RF) field, whereas a device in passive mode has to use inductive coupling to transmit data. For battery-powered devices, like mobile phones, it is better to act in passive mode. In contrast to the active mode, no internal power source is required. In passive mode, a device can be powered by the RF field of an active NFC device and transfers data using load modulation. Hence, the protocol allows for card emulation, e.g., used for ticketing applications, even when the mobile phone is turned off. This yields to two possible cases, which are described in Table . The communication between two active devices case is called active communication mode, whereas the communication between an active and a passive device is called passive communication mode.