14-01-2011, 07:57 PM
LANDMINES
Presented by
Asmal Jaise
Roll no:12
S7 Mech
Presented by
Asmal Jaise
Roll no:12
S7 Mech
LANDMINES.ppt (Size: 219 KB / Downloads: 92)
INTRODUCTION
Landmines are explosive devices that are designed to explode when triggered by pressure or a tripwire.
They are planted on or just below the surface of the ground.
The purpose of mines when used by armed forces is to disable any person or vehicle that comes into contact with it by an explosion or fragments released at high speeds
LANDMINE BASICS
Mines are typically placed in the ground by hand, but there are also mechanical minelayers that can plow the earth and drop and bury mines at specific intervals.
Mines are often laid in groups, called mine fields, and are designed to prevent the enemy from passing through a certain area, or sometimes to force an enemy through a particular area.
CLASSIFICATION
Anti-personnel (AP) mines
Anti-tank (AT) mines
Belleville spring - A piece of curved steel shaped like a doughnut, used to cushion heavy loads
Black powder - A gunpowder used as an explosive, typically made of potassium nitrate or sodium nitrate, charcoal and sulfur
Delay element - A chemical compound that burns for a set time before igniting a fuse or explosive
Detonator - A small amount of explosive used to ignite larger amounts of explosive
Firing pin - The metal pin that is forced down into the detonator when the mine is activated
Fuse - A combustible material used to ignite an explosive charge
Igniter - A metal rod (in bounding mines) that protrudes from the ground, triggering the mine when it's stepped on; also called the striker
Magnetic mine - A mine equipped with magnets, triggered by large metal objects entering its immediate area
Main charge - The large of amount of explosive in the mine that causes it to explode
Percussion cap - A chemical compound detonated by striking or applying pressure to it
Pressure plate - The metal disc on top of the mine that depresses and triggers the mine when stepped on
Projectiles - Metal balls or glass fragments placed in the mine to cause greater injuries to victims (The mine's metal casing can also become projectiles after the mine explodes.)
Propelling charge - A small amount of explosive placed at the bottom of a bounding mine to propel it into the air
Safety pin/clip - A pin placed in the mine to prevent it from being activated while not in use
ANTI-PERSONNEL (AP) MINES
These mines can kill or disable their victims, and are activated by pressure, tripwire or remote detonation.
smart mines-which automatically de-activate themselves after a certain amount of time.
Anti-personnel
Blast - buried no deeper than a few centimeters
- generally triggered by stepping on the pressure
plate, applying about 5 to 16 kg of pressure.
Bounding - Usually buried with only a small part of the
igniter, protruding from the ground
- These mines are pressure or tripwire activated.
Fragmentation - These mines release fragments in all
directions.
These mines can cause injury up to 200
meters away and kill at closer distances
M14 Blast Mine
M14 is a small, cylindrical, plastic-bodied blast mine.
It is just 40 mm tall and 56 mm in diameter. .
31 grams of Tetryl as explosive.
To activate remove safety clip and the pressure plate is rotated from its safety position to its armed position.
any pressure of at least 9 kg can cause the mine to detonate
M16 Bounding/Fragmentation Mine
Bounding mines fire up out of the ground and then explode.
3 main parts: a mine fuse, a propelling charge to lift the mine and a projectile.
It is 199 mm tall and 133 mm in diameter.
521 grams of trinitrotoluene (TNT) as explosive.
By applying pressure or by pulling the spring-loaded release pin. causes the pin to pull out of the fuse, releasing the striker and igniting the percussion cap.
The percussion cap fires a delay element in the fuse, which fires a detonator after a short delay.
The detonator ignites the black powder in the fuse, firing the propelling charge in the bottom of the mine.
The mine flies upward to about 1.2 meters; the main charge then detonates and releases a shower of metal fragments.
Anti-tank Mines
Anti-tank mines are very similar to their anti-personnel cousins. but are much larger.
These mines are pressure activated, but requires an applied pressure of 158 kg to 338 kg in order to detonate.
Most tanks and other military vehicles apply that kind of pressure..
M15 Pressure-operated Blast Mine
The M15 is a circular, steel anti-tank mine that contains a main charge of TNT.
It has a diameter of 337 mm and a height of 125 mm.
The main component of the M15 is the pounds 10.35 kg of Composition B explosive.
Composition B is a mix of TNT and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX).
Location and De-mining Techniques
Landmines can remain active more than 50 years after they are planted in the ground. For this reason, there is a growing worldwide effort to rid the world of landmines. To do this, we must first locate the millions of landmines that are still buried in dozens of countries around the world. Finding these landmines is extremely difficult, as most minefields are unmarked. And those that are marked can take years to de-mine.
Landmine detection is a slow, methodical process due to the danger involved in locating landmines. While location technology is improving, the following conventional techniques are still relied on heavily:
Probing the ground
Trained dogs
Metal detectors
Mine Clearing Machines
Mine-clearing machines use one of three techniques,
flailing chains to beat the ground.
rollers to roll over and detonate mines.
rakes or blades to plow through the
minefields, pushing the mines to the side.
Tanks - Tanks, like the U.S. Army M-1A1 Abrams main battle tank, are often equipped with a mine plow designed to push mines out of the tank's path..
Panther - The Panther is a 60-ton remote controlled vehicle that is based on a modified M-60 tank hull. Aardvark - The Aardvark Mk III vehicle is designed with a flail mechanism that beats chains against the ground in a rotating motion to detonate and destroy mines
Berm Processing Assembly - The machine scoops up dirt, shakes out mines from the dirt and leaves the mines exposed on the ground for de-mining units to safely destroy them.
CONCLUSION
Currently, there are more than 100-million landmines located in 70 countries around the world, according to One World International. Since 1975, landmines have killed or maimed more than 1-million people, which has led to a worldwide effort to ban further landmine use and clear away existing landmines