29-09-2012, 05:15 PM
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
wsn final doc (1).docx (Size: 1.91 MB / Downloads: 52)
ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of small sensing nodes with capabilities-computation and wireless communications. There are several characteristics of wireless sensor nodes that limit their functionality. Due to the use of batteries Wireless sensors often have limited energy. The total network capacity is limited by the use of unsophisticated wireless links that limit the range, reliability, and throughput of communication between nodes. Providing access to the system by proper authentication makes the system more secure. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has restrictions due to energy, memory and communication ability. The network nodes usually work in unattended environments, such as mine, wetlands, craters, etc. Node Authentication allows each secure node to use the access control technology of its choice to authenticate users Sensor nodes can be imagined as small computers, extremely basic in terms of their interfaces and their components. They usually consist of a processing unit with limited computational power and limited memory, sensors or MEMS (including specific conditioning circuitry), a communication device (usually radio transceivers or alternatively optical), and a power source usually in the form of a battery. Other possible inclusions are energy harvesting modules, secondary ASICs, and possibly secondary communication devices (e.g. RS-232 or USB).
DESCRIPTION AND VISION OF THE PROJECT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology. It is predicted that in future, WSN will change the human life totally. Energy optimization in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the challenging issues. It consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, humidity, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.
Wireless Sensor Network compose of a set of tiny sensor nodes. The nodes are continuously sense and transmit the data. WSN have a wireless nature, due to this it has a limited lifetime. So increase the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network and Minimize energy cost in wireless sensor network are important problems. To solve this problem clustering techniques are always used.
PURPOSE:
The essence of the project is it authenticates nodes and cluster-heads. We need to collect the information about sensor nodes and store it in respective cluster-heads. The base station is only under user control and contains information about cluster-heads. So the data transmission is allowed only for genuine nodes and cluster-heads.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
System analysis is an important activity that takes place when we are building new information system or extending the existing system. The investigation of system operation and possible changes to the system is called system analysis. If there is no existing system then analysis defines only requirements. System analysis results in a detailed model of the system. The model describes the system functions, system data and system information flows. Once the system analysis is completed, design commences.
Cluster Based Hierarchal Network
Sensor networks are large-scale data-intensive systems that manage parallel and real-time communications in dynamic environments. To support scalability we use a cluster-based hierarchical structure (Fig. 1). As the number of sensors is increased, more clusters can be formed without increasing the processing or communication loads on individual cluster heads. The three levels in the hierarchical design of this architecture consist of a base station (a data sink) at the top level, cluster heads at the middle level, and the other sensors at the leaf level.
The Need for Clustering
As explained in the introduction, sensors must be able to self-configure. Clustering allows sensors to efficiently coordinate their local interactions in order to achieve global goals. Localized clustering can contribute to a more scalable behavior. As the number of nodes increases, it leads to improved robustness and more efficient resource utilization for many distributed sensor coordination tasks. Localization saves transmission energy since it allows for communicating with a closer local coordinator instead of a more distant base station.
To transmit a signal over a distance d, the required radiation energy E is proportional to dm where m is 2 in the free space and ranges up to 4 in environments with multiple-path interferences or local noise. Another advantage of using clusters is data aggregation at cluster heads, in which data collected from sensors is aggregated before forwarding to the base station, and thus the amount of energy required to transmit huge volumes of data is reduced.
CONCLUSION
As a micro node is flexible and can be deployed in locations which are difficult for humans to access, a sensor network system composed of this kind of node can be exploited for a vast variety of applications, for example habitat monitoring, heritage architecture protection, environmental monitoring, soil moisture monitoring for agriculture, maritime monitoring, endangered species protection, animal tracking, pipeline monitoring, glacial monitoring and even epidemic control in human society.
wsn final doc (1).docx (Size: 1.91 MB / Downloads: 52)
ABSTRACT
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of small sensing nodes with capabilities-computation and wireless communications. There are several characteristics of wireless sensor nodes that limit their functionality. Due to the use of batteries Wireless sensors often have limited energy. The total network capacity is limited by the use of unsophisticated wireless links that limit the range, reliability, and throughput of communication between nodes. Providing access to the system by proper authentication makes the system more secure. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has restrictions due to energy, memory and communication ability. The network nodes usually work in unattended environments, such as mine, wetlands, craters, etc. Node Authentication allows each secure node to use the access control technology of its choice to authenticate users Sensor nodes can be imagined as small computers, extremely basic in terms of their interfaces and their components. They usually consist of a processing unit with limited computational power and limited memory, sensors or MEMS (including specific conditioning circuitry), a communication device (usually radio transceivers or alternatively optical), and a power source usually in the form of a battery. Other possible inclusions are energy harvesting modules, secondary ASICs, and possibly secondary communication devices (e.g. RS-232 or USB).
DESCRIPTION AND VISION OF THE PROJECT
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an emerging technology. It is predicted that in future, WSN will change the human life totally. Energy optimization in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the challenging issues. It consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, humidity, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through the network to a main location.
Wireless Sensor Network compose of a set of tiny sensor nodes. The nodes are continuously sense and transmit the data. WSN have a wireless nature, due to this it has a limited lifetime. So increase the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network and Minimize energy cost in wireless sensor network are important problems. To solve this problem clustering techniques are always used.
PURPOSE:
The essence of the project is it authenticates nodes and cluster-heads. We need to collect the information about sensor nodes and store it in respective cluster-heads. The base station is only under user control and contains information about cluster-heads. So the data transmission is allowed only for genuine nodes and cluster-heads.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
System analysis is an important activity that takes place when we are building new information system or extending the existing system. The investigation of system operation and possible changes to the system is called system analysis. If there is no existing system then analysis defines only requirements. System analysis results in a detailed model of the system. The model describes the system functions, system data and system information flows. Once the system analysis is completed, design commences.
Cluster Based Hierarchal Network
Sensor networks are large-scale data-intensive systems that manage parallel and real-time communications in dynamic environments. To support scalability we use a cluster-based hierarchical structure (Fig. 1). As the number of sensors is increased, more clusters can be formed without increasing the processing or communication loads on individual cluster heads. The three levels in the hierarchical design of this architecture consist of a base station (a data sink) at the top level, cluster heads at the middle level, and the other sensors at the leaf level.
The Need for Clustering
As explained in the introduction, sensors must be able to self-configure. Clustering allows sensors to efficiently coordinate their local interactions in order to achieve global goals. Localized clustering can contribute to a more scalable behavior. As the number of nodes increases, it leads to improved robustness and more efficient resource utilization for many distributed sensor coordination tasks. Localization saves transmission energy since it allows for communicating with a closer local coordinator instead of a more distant base station.
To transmit a signal over a distance d, the required radiation energy E is proportional to dm where m is 2 in the free space and ranges up to 4 in environments with multiple-path interferences or local noise. Another advantage of using clusters is data aggregation at cluster heads, in which data collected from sensors is aggregated before forwarding to the base station, and thus the amount of energy required to transmit huge volumes of data is reduced.
CONCLUSION
As a micro node is flexible and can be deployed in locations which are difficult for humans to access, a sensor network system composed of this kind of node can be exploited for a vast variety of applications, for example habitat monitoring, heritage architecture protection, environmental monitoring, soil moisture monitoring for agriculture, maritime monitoring, endangered species protection, animal tracking, pipeline monitoring, glacial monitoring and even epidemic control in human society.