02-02-2013, 02:37 PM
132 KV SUBSTATION IFFCO UNIT AONLA, BARIELLY
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INTRODUCTION
Development of sources of energy to accomplish useful work is the key to the industrial progress that is essential to the continual improvement in the standard of living of people everywhere. To discover new sources of energy, to obtain an essentially inexhaustible supply of energy for the future, to make energy available wherever needed, and to convert energy from one form to another and use it without creating the pollution which will destroy our biosphere are among the greatest challenges facing this world today. The electric power system is one of the tools for converting and transporting energy that is playing an important role in meeting this challenge. The industry, by some standards, is the largest in the world.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
India is fairly rich in natural resources like coal and lignite and has immense water power resources of which only about 25% have been utilized so far. As per a recent report of the central water power commission, the total potential of hydro power is 41,155 MW at 60% load factor. Some oil reserves have already been discovered and intense exploration is being undertaken in various states. Though India is deficient in Uranium, but has rich deposits of thorium which can be utilized in future. Since independence, the country has made tremendous progress in the development of electrical power and today India has the largest power system among developing countries and fourteen largest power systems in the world.
Electricity has been available in India for past more than 90 years. The first power station commissioned was a micro hydel scheme near Darjeeling at the end of the 19th century. The first major effect in the public sector was the commissioning of the first stage of the Sivasmudram hydroelectric scheme, with an initial installed capacity of 4.5 MW in 1902. Thereafter, small power stations continued to be setup, largely around important urban centers, mainly through the efforts of private companies. In 1939 the installed capacity in India was 1200 MW.
REQUIREMENTS IN INDIA
The electricity requirements in India have growth tremendously and the demand has been running ahead of supply. Electricity generation and transmission processes in the country are very inefficient in comparison with those of some advanced countries. Generating capacity in India is utilized on an average for 3600 hours, while in Japan it is used for more than 5000 hours in a year. The transmission losses in India are very high as compared to developed countries. The commissioning of many power projects has been delayed considerably due to various reasons such as non-availability of funds in time, shortage of trained persons, delay in delivery of equipment, lack of coordination in constructional activities, interstate disputes etc. Many times the monsoons have been less than normal causing reduction in generation of hydro energy. There had been also periodic closure steam power station due to shortage of coal. These are the causes (i.e. sharp increase in demand, poor utilization of electrical equipment, high transmission losses, the delay in commissioning of power projects, erratic monsoons, shortage of coal, faulty planning), which are responsible for power crisis in the country.
ABOUT SUBSTATIONS
Substations serve as source of energy supply for the local areas of distribution in which these are located. Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching. Some substations are simply switching stations where different connections between various transmission lines are made, others are converting substations which either convert ac into dc or vice-versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa. Substations have some additional functions. They provide points where safety devices may be installed to disconnect equipment or circuit in the event of fault. Voltage on the outgoing distribution feeders can be regulated at a substation. A substation is convenient place for installing synchronous condensers at the end of transmission line for the purpose of improving power factor and make measurements to check the operations of the various parts of the power system. Street lighting equipment as well as switching controls for streetlights can be installed in a substation.
ROLE OF SUBSTATION
The substation is specialized the following role:
1. Protective function that protects the transformation facility, transmission lines and distribution lines from various faults.
2. Monitoring function that discovers any fault in the facility.
GOAL OF SUBSTATION
Some major goals of substation are:
1. Maximum power of generation.
2. Minimum transmission losses.
3. 100%revenue realization.
4. Better consumer service.
TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.