18-02-2011, 10:20 PM
i want to download cellular communication-4G.ppt
and also the report
18-02-2011, 10:20 PM
i want to download cellular communication-4G.ppt and also the report
19-02-2011, 03:27 PM
4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION Presentation.doc (Size: 591 KB / Downloads: 134) WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS(4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION) ABSTRACT: Today, mobile communications play a central role in the voice/data network arena. With the deployment of mass scale 3G just around the corner, new directions are already being researched. In this paper we address about the 4TH G mobile communications. The Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Communications should not focus only on the data-rate increase and new air interface.4G Mobile should instead con-verge the advanced wireless mobile communications and high-speed wireless access systems into an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) platform which becomes the core of this emerging next generation mobile technology. Based on this OWA model, 4G mobile will deliver the best business cases to the wireless and mobile industries,i.e.cdma2000/WLAN/GPRS 3-in-1 product, WCDMA/OFDM/WLAN 3-in-1 product, etc. Asia-Pacific is the most dynamic market of new generation mobile communications with over $100 Billion businesses in the next decade. The 4G mobile technology -convergence of wireless mobile and wireless access, will definitely drive this growth. Any single-architecture wireless system, including 3G, HSDPA, WiMax, etc., is a transitional solution only, and will be replaced by open wireless architecture system very soon where various different wireless standards can be integrated and converged on this open platform. The advent of 4G wireless systems has created many research opportunities. The expectations from 4G are high in terms of data rates, spectral efficiency, mobility and integration. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is proving to be a possible multiple access technology to be used in 4G. But OFDM comes with its own challenges like high Peak to Average Ratio, linearity concerns and phase noise. This paper proposes a solution to reduce Peak to Average Ratio by clipping method. ATLAB as used to generate the OFDM signal to prove that clipping does reduce Peak to Average Ratio. INTRODUCTION: The first operational cellular communication system was deployed in the Norway in 1981 and was followed by similar systems in the US and UK. These first generation systems provided voice transmissions by using frequencies around 900 MHz and analogue modulation. The second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low-band digital data signaling. The most popular 2G wireless technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile Communications (GSM). The first GSM systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band. Planning for 3G started in the 1980s. Initial plans focused on multimedia applications such as videoconferencing for mobile phones. When it became clear that the real killer application was the Internet, 3G thinking had to evolve. As personal wireless handsets become more common than fixed telephones, it is clear that personal wireless Internet access will follow and users will want broadband Internet access The objective of the 3G was to develop a new protocol and new technologies to further enhance the\mobile experience. In contrast, the new 4G framework to be established will try to accomplish new levels of user experience and multi-service capacity by also integrating all the mobile technologies that exist (e.g. GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications, GPRS - General Packet Radio Service, IMT-2000 - International Mobile Communications, Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity, Bluetooth).In spite of different approaches, each resulting from different visions of the future platform currently under investigation, the main objectives of 4G networks can be stated in the following properties: • Ubiquity; • Multi-service platform; • Low bit cost To achieve the proposed goals, a very flexible network that aggregates various radio access technologies, must be created. This network must provide high bandwidth, from 50-100 Mbps for high mobility users, to 1Gbps for low mobility users, technologies that permit fast handoffs, an efficient delivery. Migrating to 4G: The fact that 4G mobile networks intend to integrate almost every wireless standard already In use, enabling its simultaneous use and interconnection poses many questions not yet answered. The research areas that present key challenges to migrate current systems to 4G are many but can be summarized in the following: Mobile Station, System and Service. [7] To be able to use 4G mobile networks a new type of mobile terminals must be conceived. The terminals to be adopted must adapt seamless to multiple wireless networks, each with different protocols and technologies. Auto reconfiguration will also be needed so that terminals can adapt to the different services available. This adaptation may imply that it must download automatically configuration software from networks in range. Moreover terminals must be able to choose from all the available wireless networks the one to use with a specific service. To do this it must be aware of specifications of all the networks in terms of bandwidth, QoS supported, costs and respect to user preferences. Terminal mobility will be a key factor to the success of 4G networks. Terminals must be able to provide wireless services anytime, everywhere. This implies that roaming between different networks must be automatic and transparent to the user. There are two major issues in terminal mobility, location management and handoff management [7]. Location management deals with tracking user mobility, and handling information about original, current and (if possible) future cells. Moreover it must deal with authentication issues and QoS assurances. Handoff management primary objective is to maintain the communications while the terminal crosses wireless network boundaries. In addition, 4G networks, in opposition to the other mobile generations, must deal with vertical and horizontal handoffs, i.e., a 4G mobile client may move between different types of wireless networks (e.g. GSM and Wi-Fi) and between cells of the same wireless network (e.g. moving between adjacent GSM cells). Furthermore, many of the Services available in this new mobile generation like videoconference have restrict time constraints and QoS needs that must not be perceptible affected by handoffs. To avoid these problems new algorithms must be researched and a prevision of user mobility will be necessary, so as to avoid broadcasting at the same time to all adjacent antennas what would waste unnecessary resources. Another major problem relates to security, since 4G pretends to join many different types of mobile technologies. As each standard has its own security scheme, the key to 4G systems is to be highly flexible. Services also pose many questions as 4G users may have different operators to different services and, even if they have the same operator, they can access data using different network technologies. Actual billing using flat rates, time or cost per bit fares, may not be suitable to the new range of services. At the same time it is necessary that the bill is well understood by operator and client. A broker system would be advisable to facilitate the interaction between the user and the different service providers. Another challenge is to know, at each time, where the user is and how he can be contacted. This is very important to mobility management. A user must be able to be reached wherever he is, no matter the kind of terminal that is being used. This can be achieved in various ways one of the most popular being the use of a mobile-agent infrastructure. In this framework, each user has a unique identifier served by personal mobile agents that make the link from users to Internet.
03-03-2011, 11:13 AM
New Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation.ppt (Size: 678 KB / Downloads: 113) WHERE WE ARE Hyper Lan- set of wireless Lan 1G-First Generation Speech 2G-Second Generation SMS , MMS Voice Mail 3G-Third Generation Wireless Internet CDMA , GPRS , EDGE Video Calling Mobile TV High transfer rate Internet access any where Ability to move around with the same IP address Utilization of Smart antennas High resolution Mobile TV GSM/TDMA Time Division Multiplexing based access CDMA Code Division Multiplexing based access OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 3G Vs 4G Service Evolution and Consensus Consented to achieve 500bit/s/Hz/km2 -HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) -MIMO WWI agreed peak rates of 100Mbit/s in mobile situations1Gbit/s in nomadic/pedestrian situations 4G Process To operate large number of users - Parent coverage - Pico-cell coverage Mobile IP VoIP Ability to move around with the same IP address IP tunnels Intelligent Internet Presence Awareness Technology Knowing who is on line and where Radio Router Bringing IP to the base station Smart Antennas Unique spatial metric for each transmission Key Technologies Required for 4G OFDMA -Time domain -Space domain -Frequency domain MIMO Signal multiplexing between antennas -Smart antennas Well suited to OFDM Coverage Parent coverage ------ Pico-cell coverage Challenges Sufficient spectrum with associated sharing mechanisms. Coverage with two technologies. Caching technology in the network and terminals. OFDM and MIMO. IP mobility. Multi-technology distributed architecture. Fixed-mobile convergence (for indoor service). Network selection mechanisms. Life-Saving: Telemedicine Video Conferencing Telegeoprocessing: GIS,GPS Better Usage of Multimedia Applications Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for IPv6 Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, esp. User Equipment (UE) IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
05-03-2011, 11:53 AM
hi can anyone tell me about the links to the full seminar report on 4g, covering abstract, introduction,history,future,specifications and conclusion!
18-03-2011, 12:35 PM
4G-MobileCommunications.ppt (Size: 1.82 MB / Downloads: 72) Where are we? Hyper Lan- set of wireless Lan 1G-First Generation Speech 2G-Second Generation SMS , MMS CDMA , GPRS , EDGE Voice Mail 3G-Third Generation Wireless Internet Video Calling Mobile TV Where do we Want to go? High transfer rate Internet access any where Ability to move around with the same IP address Utilization of Smart antennas High resolution Mobile TV Representative Wireless Standards GSM/TDMA Time Division Multiplexing based access CDMA Code Division Multiplexing based access OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Smart Antenna 4G Process To operate large number of users - Parent coverage - Pico-cell coverage Key 4G Mibility Concepts Mobile IP VoIP Ability to move around with the same IP address IP tunnels Intelligent Internet Presence Awareness Technology Knowing who is on line and where Radio Router Bringing IP to the base station Smart Antennas Unique spatial metric for each transmission Key Technologies Required for 4G Coverage Parent coverage ------ Pico-cell coverage Challenges Applications of 4G Life-Saving: Telemedicine Video Conferencing Telegeoprocessing: GIS,GPS Better Usage of Multimedia Applications Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for IPv6 Summary Mobile Intelligent Internet and multi media applications Seamless Roaming, substantially high and selectable user bandwidth, customized QoS, Intelligent and responsive user interface Mobile IP, Radio Routers, smart Antennas Continued advances and challenges from 1G -> 4G Modulation techniques, transreceiver advances, fast manipulations, user interfaces, IP tunelling and firewalls Spectrum usage, regulatory decisions, “one” standard, authentication and security, multi disciplinary co-operation Packing so much intelligence in smaller and smaller physical space, esp. User Equipment (UE) IP + WPAN + WLAN + WMAN + WWAN + any other stragglers = 4G
21-03-2011, 11:04 AM
Presented by: D.MANOJ KUMAR P.PALLAVI 4G - MOBILE COMMUNICATION.doc (Size: 48.5 KB / Downloads: 89) ABSTRACT With the rapid development of communication networks, it is expected that fourth generation mobile systems will be launched within decades. Fourth generation (4G) mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth. This contrasts with third generation (3G), which merely focuses on developing new standards and hardware. 4G systems will support comprehensive and personalized services providing stable system performance and quality service. This paper gives the details about the need for mobile communication and its development in various generations. In addition, the details about the working of 4G mobile communication were given. Finally, it narrates how 4G mobile communication will bring a new level of connectivity and convenece in communication. 1.INTRODUCTION Communication is one of the important areas of electronics and always been a focus for exchange of information among parties at locations physically apart. There may be different mode of communication. The communication may be wired or wireless between two links. Initially the mobile communication was limited to between one pair of users on single channel pair. Mobile communication has undergone many generations. The first generation of the RF cellular used analog technology. The modulation was FM and the air interface was FDMA. Second generation was an offshoot of Personal Land Mobile Telephone System (PLMTS). It used Gaussian Shift Keying modulation (GMSK). All these systems had practically no technology in common and frequency bands, air interface protocol, data rates, number of channels and modulation techniques all were difficult. Dynamic Quality of Service (QoS) parameter was always on the top priority list. Higher transmission bandwidth and higher efficiency usage had to be targeted. On this background development of 3G mobile communication systems took place. In this Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode technology using 5MHz channels was used. This had no backward compatibility with any of the predecessors. But 3G appeared to be somewhat unstable technology due to lack of standardization, licensing procedures and terminal and service compatibility. Biggest single inhibitor of any new technology in mobile communication is the mobile terminal availability in the required quantity, with highest QoS and better battery life. The future of mobile communication is FAMOUS-FUTUERE Advanced Mobile Universal Systems, Wide-band TDMA, Wideband CDMA are some of the technologies. The data rates targeted are 20MBPS. That will be the 4G in the mobile communication. 4G must be hastened, as some of the video applications cannot be contained within 3G. 2.DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOBILE COMMUNICATION The communication industry is undergoing cost saving programs reflected by slowdown in the upgrade or overhaul of the infrastructure, while looking for new ways to provide third generation (3G) like services and features with the existing infrastructures. This has delayed the large-scale development of 3G networks, and given rise to talk of 4G technologies. Second generation (2G) mobile systems were very successful in the previous decade. Their success prompted the development of third generation (3G) mobile systems. While 2G systems such as GSM, andIS-95 etc. were designed to carry speech and low bit-rate data. 3G systems were designed to provide higher data-rate services. During the evolution from 2G to3G, a range of wireless systems, including GPRS, IMT-2000, Bluetooth, WLAN, and Hiper LAN have been developed. All these systems were designed independently, targeting different service types, data rates, and users. As these systems all have their own merits and shortcomings, there is no single system that is good to replace all the other technologies. Instead of putting into developing new radio interface and technologies for 4G systems, it is believed in establishing 4G systems is a more feasible option. 3. ARCHITECTURAL CHANGES IN 4G TECHNOLOGY In 4G architecture, focus is on the aspect that multiple networks are able to function in such a way that interfaces are transparent to users and services. Multiplicities of access and service options are going to be other key parts of the paradigm shift. In the present scenario and with the growing popularity of Internet, a shift is needed to switch over from circuit switched mode to packet switched mode of transmission. However 3G networks and few others, packet switching is employed for delay insensitive data transmission services. Assigning packets to virtual channels and then multiple physical channels would be possible when access options are expanded permitting better statistical multiplexing. One would be looking for universal access and ultra connectivity, which could be enabled by: (a) Wireless networks and with wire line networks. (b) Emergence of a true IP over the air technology. © Highly efficient use of wireless spectrum and resources. (d) Flexible and adaptive systems and networks. 4. SOME KEY FEATURES OF 4G TECHNOLOGY Some key features (mainly from the users point of view) of 4G networks are: 1. High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology 2. Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost 3. Personalization 4. Integrated services First, 4G networks are all IP based heterogeneous networks that allow users to use any system at any time and anywhere. Users carrying an integrated terminal can use a wide range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks. Second, 4G systems provide not only telecommunications services, but also data and multimedia services. To support multimedia services high data-rate services with good system reliability will be provided. At the same time, a low per-bit transmission cost will be maintained. Third, personalized service will be provided by the new generation network. Finally, 4G systems also provide facilities for integrated services. Users can use multiple services from any service provider at the same time. To migrate current systems to 4G with the features mentioned above, we have to face number challenges. Some of them were discussed below. 4.1 MULTIMODE USER TERMINALS In order to use large variety of services and wireless networks in 4G systems, multimode user terminals are essential as they can adopt different wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves. This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple hardware components in a terminal). The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is to adopt the software radio approach. Figure.1 shows the design of an ideal software radio receiver The analog part of the receiver consists of an antenna, a band pass filter (BPF), and a low noise amplifier (LNA). The received analog signal is digitized by the analog to digital converter (ADC) immediately after the analog processing. The processing in the next stage (usually still analog processing in the conventional terminals) is then performed by a reprogrammable base band digital signal processor (DSP). The Digital Signal Processor will process the digitized signal in accordance with the wireless environment. 4.2. TERMINAL MOBILITY In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructures, terminal mobility allows mobile client to roam across boundaries of wireless networks. There are two main issues in terminal mobility: location management and handoff management. With the location management, the system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection. Location management involves handling all the information about the roaming terminals, such as original and current located cells, authentication information, and Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities. On the other hand, handoff management maintains ongoing communications when the terminal roams. MobileIPv6 (MIPv6) is a standardized IP-based mobility protocol for Ipv6 wireless systems. In this design, each terminal has an IPv6 home address whenever the terminal moves outside the local network, the home address becomes invalid, and the terminal obtain a new Ipv6 address (called a care-of address) in the visited network. A binding between the terminal’s home address and care-of address is updated to its home agent in-order to support continuous communication. 4.3 PERSONAL MOBILITY In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern mobility management. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of user’s terminals, and involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operating environments. A personal operating environment, on the other hand, is a service that enables adaptable service presentations inorder to fit the capabilities of the terminal in use regardless of network types. Currently, There are several frame works on personal mobility found in the literature. Mobile-agent-based infrastructure is one widely studied solution. In this infrastructure, each user is usually assigned a unique identifier and served by some personal mobile agents (or specialized computer programs running on same servers. These agents acts as intermediaries between the user and the Internet. A user also belongs to a home network that has servers with the updated user profile (including the current location of the user’s agents, user’s performances, and currently used device descriptions). When the user moves from his/her home network to a visiting network, his/her agents will migrate to the new network. For example, when somebody makes a call request to the user, the caller’s agent first locates user’s agent by making a location request to user’s home network. By looking up user’s profile, his/her home network sends back the location of user’s agent to the caller’s agent. Once the caller’s agent identifies user’s location, the caller’s agent can directly communicate with user’s agent. Different agents may be used for different services. 4.4 SECURITY AND PRIVACY Security requirements of 2G and 3G networks have been widely studied in the literature. Different standards implement their security for their unique security requirements. For example, GSM provides highly secured voice communication among users. However, the existing security schemes for wireless systems are inadequate for 4G networks. The key concern in security designs for 4G networks is flexibility. As the existing security schemes are mainly designed for specific services, such as voice service, they may not be applicable to 4G environments that will consist of many heterogeneous systems. Moreover, the key sizes and encryption and decryption algorithms of existing schemes are also fixed. They become inflexible when applied to different technologies and devices (with varied capabilities, processing powers, and security needs). As an example, Tiny SESAME is a lightweight reconfigurable security mechanism that provides security services for multimode or IP-based applications in 4G networks.
19-07-2011, 04:54 PM
30279329-4G-Wireless-System-Report.docx (Size: 191.28 KB / Downloads: 67) CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Wireless mobile‐communications systems are uniquely identified by generation designations. Introduced in the early 1980s, first generation (1G) systems were marked by analog frequency modulation and used primarily for voice communications. Second generation (2G) wireless‐communications systems, which made their appearance in the late 1980s, were also used mainly for voice transmission and reception The wireless system in widespread use today goes by the name of 2.5G an in between service that serves as a stepping stone to 3G. Whereby 2G communications is generally associated with Global System for Mobile (GSM) service, 2.5G is usually identified as being fueled by General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) along with GSM. In 3G systems, making their appearance in late 2002 and in 2003, are designed for voice and paging services, as well as interactive‐media use such as teleconferencing, Internet access, and other services. The problem with 3G wireless systems is bandwidth these systems provide only WAN coverage ranging from 144 kbps (for vehicle mobility applications) to 2 Mbps (for indoor static applications). Segue to 4G, the next dimension of wireless communication. The 4g wireless uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Ultra Wide Radio Band (UWB), and Millimeter wireless and smart antenna. Data rate of 20mbps is employed. Mobile speed will be up to 200km/hr.Frequency band is 2‐8 GHz. it gives the ability for world wide roaming to access cell anywhere CHAPTER 2 FEATURES • Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video, Internet, and other broadband services • IP based mobile system • High speed, high capacity, and low cost‐per‐bit • Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile services • Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service driven services • Better scheduling and call admission control techniques • Adhoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay requirements of voice make Multi hop network service a difficult problem) • Better spectral efficiency • Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces (since 4G will be All IP, look for 4G systems to be compatible with all common network technologies, including 802.11, WCDMA, Bluetooth, and Hyper LAN). • An infrastructure to handle pre existing 3G systems along with other wireless technologies, some of which are currently under development. CHAPTER 3 HISTORY The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G(first generation) to fourth generation are as follows. The process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit switched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), TDMA (time division multiple access); PDC (personal digital cellular) and CDMA (code division multiple access).These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today s mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. During the 1990’s the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps.An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (radio frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (personal digital assistant), or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in todays society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile communication system
12-08-2011, 03:20 PM
ppt.ppt (Size: 2.04 MB / Downloads: 81) Mobile System Generations First Generation (1G) mobile systems were designed to offer a single service, i.e., speech. Second Generation (2G) mobile systems were also designed primarily to offer speech with a limited capability to offer data at low rates. Third Generation (3G) mobile systems are expected to offer high-quality multi-media services and operate in different environments. SHORT HISTORY of MOBILE TELEPHONE TECHNOLOGIES THIRD GENERATION (3G) Major technologies Bluetooth Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.x standards) – WiFi Short range wireless communications Highly utilized and very popular: offices, airports, coffee shops, universities and schools Two basic modes of operations: -Ad-hoc networking: computers send data to one another -Access point: sending data to the base station Limitations of 3G Difficulty of CDMA to provide higher data rates Need for continuously increasing data rate and bandwidth to meet the multimedia requirements Limitation of spectrum and it’s allocation Inability to roam between different services To provide a seamless transport end-to-end Mechanism To introduce a better system with reduces cost 4G Concept “The user has freedom and flexibility to select any desired service with reasonable QoS and affordable price, anytime, anywhere.” Design Objectives Next Generation will also have specificallyneeds to resolve it’s own multiple issues Heterogeneous networks Access, handover Location coordination, resource coordination Adding new users Support for multicasting QoS, wireless security and authentication Network failure backup Pricing and billing Heterogeneous Networks Network Selection Most Appropriate Network Selection Criteria • Service Type -Data rate -QoS • Available Resources • User Context - Environment (When and Where) - Mobility - User preferences Key 4G Technologies OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) SDR (Software Defined Radio) MIMO (Multiple-input multiple-output) Interlayer Optimization Handover and Mobility Benefits Convergence of Cellular Mobile Networks and WLANs Benefits for Operators Higher bandwidths, Lower cost of networks and equipment,The use of licence-exempt spectrum, Higher capacity and Qos enhancement, higher revenue. Users Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost and here mostly needed, Inter-network roaming. Convergence of Mobile Communication and Broadcasting Benefits for Operators Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new broadband multi-media services in vehicular environments. Users Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi- media services with reasonable QoS and lower cost. Wireless System Discovery A multimode terminal attaches to the WLAN and scans the available systems. It can download suitable software manually or automatically. Applications Virtual Presence Virtual navigation Tele-geoprocessing applications Tele-Medicine and Education Crisis management Multimedia– Video Services CONCLUSION As the history of mobile communications shows attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. 4G seems to be a very promising generation of wireless communication that will change the people’s life in the wireless world. 4G is expected to be launched by 2010 and the world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would connect the entire globe.
11-02-2012, 11:07 AM
to get information about the topic 4g mobile communication full report ,ppt and related topic refer the link bellow
https://seminarproject.net/Thread-4g-mob...nar-report https://seminarproject.net/Thread-4g-mob...munication https://seminarproject.net/Thread-multim...munication https://seminarproject.net/Thread-smart-...on-systems https://seminarproject.net/Thread-4g-mob...ort?page=4 https://seminarproject.net/Thread-the-mi...munication https://seminarproject.net/Thread-multim...7#pid37667 https://seminarproject.net/Thread-4g-mob...ort?page=5 https://seminarproject.net/Thread-4g-mob...?pid=41236
03-05-2012, 12:51 PM
4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
4G ppt403.ppt (Size: 2.1 MB / Downloads: 49) Introduction Fourth generation wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. Any where any time multimedia 4G is a successor to 3G and 2G standards It is launched in the year 2010. TDMA TDMA enhances FDMA by further dividing the spectrum into channels by the time. A channel in the frequency domain is divided among multiple users. In the figure above, each horizontal band represents the channel divided by the time domain. Within that is the vertical division in the frequency domain. GSM Global System for Mobile Communications Tdma based 900-1800 MHZ freq used SIM(subscriber identity module) is used GSM offers a variety of data services Conclusion Battery usage is more Hard to implement Need complicated hardware
20-07-2012, 01:05 PM
4G – MOBILE COMMUNICATION
4G - MOBILE COMMUNICATION.doc (Size: 46 KB / Downloads: 39) ABSTRACT With the rapid development of communication networks, it is expected that fourth generation mobile systems will be launched within decades. Fourth generation (4G) mobile systems focus on seamlessly integrating the existing wireless technologies including GSM, wireless LAN, and Bluetooth. This contrasts with third generation (3G), which merely focuses on developing new standards and hardware. 4G systems will support comprehensive and personalized services providing stable system performance and quality service. This paper gives the details about the need for mobile communication and its development in various generations. In addition, the details about the working of 4G mobile communication were given. Finally, it narrates how 4G mobile communication will bring a new level of connectivity and convenece in communication. INTRODUCTION Communication is one of the important areas of electronics and always been a focus for exchange of information among parties at locations physically apart. There may be different mode of communication. The communication may be wired or wireless between two links. Initially the mobile communication was limited to between one pair of users on single channel pair. Mobile communication has undergone many generations. The first generation of the RF cellular used analog technology. The modulation was FM and the air interface was FDMA. Second generation was an offshoot of Personal Land Mobile Telephone System (PLMTS). It used Gaussian Shift Keying modulation (GMSK). All these systems had practically no technology in common and frequency bands, air interface protocol, data rates, number of channels and modulation techniques all were difficult. Dynamic Quality of Service (QoS) parameter was always on the top priority list. Higher transmission bandwidth and higher efficiency usage had to be targeted. On this background development of 3G mobile communication systems took place. In this Time Division Duplex (TDD) mode technology using 5MHz channels was used. This had no backward compatibility with any of the predecessors. But 3G appeared to be somewhat unstable technology due to lack of standardization, licensing procedures and terminal and service compatibility. DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOBILE COMMUNICATION The communication industry is undergoing cost saving programs reflected by slowdown in the upgrade or overhaul of the infrastructure, while looking for new ways to provide third generation (3G) like services and features with the existing infrastructures. This has delayed the large-scale development of 3G networks, and given rise to talk of 4G technologies. Second generation (2G) mobile systems were very successful in the previous decade. Their success prompted the development of third generation (3G) mobile systems. While 2G systems such as GSM, andIS-95 etc. were designed to carry speech and low bit-rate data. 3G systems were designed to provide higher data-rate services. During the evolution from 2G to3G, a range of wireless systems, including GPRS, IMT-2000, Bluetooth, WLAN, and Hiper LAN have been developed. All these systems were designed independently, targeting different service types, data rates, and users. As these systems all have their own merits and shortcomings, there is no single system that is good to replace all the other technologies. Instead of putting into developing new radio interface and technologies for 4G systems, it is believed in establishing 4G systems is a more feasible option. ARCHITECTURAL CHANGES IN 4G TECHNOLOGY In 4G architecture, focus is on the aspect that multiple networks are able to function in such a way that interfaces are transparent to users and services. Multiplicities of access and service options are going to be other key parts of the paradigm shift. In the present scenario and with the growing popularity of Internet, a shift is needed to switch over from circuit switched mode to packet switched mode of transmission. However 3G networks and few others, packet switching is employed for delay insensitive data transmission services. Assigning packets to virtual channels and then multiple physical channels would be possible when access options are expanded permitting better statistical multiplexing. One would be looking for universal access and ultra connectivity, which could be enabled by. TERMINAL MOBILITY In order to provide wireless services at any time and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G infrastructures, terminal mobility allows mobile client to roam across boundaries of wireless networks. There are two main issues in terminal mobility: location management and handoff management. With the location management, the system tracks and locates a mobile terminal for possible connection. Location management involves handling all the information about the roaming terminals, such as original and current located cells, authentication information, and Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities. On the other hand, handoff management maintains ongoing communications when the terminal roams. MobileIPv6 (MIPv6) is a standardized IP-based mobility protocol for Ipv6 wireless systems. In this design, each terminal has an IPv6 home address whenever the terminal moves outside the local network, the home address becomes invalid, and the terminal obtain a new Ipv6 address (called a care-of address) in the visited network. A binding between the terminal’s home address and care-of address is updated to its home agent in-order to support continuous communication. PERSONAL MOBILITY In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern mobility management. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of users instead of user’s terminals, and involves the provision of personal communications and personalized operating environments. A personal operating environment, on the other hand, is a service that enables adaptable service presentations inorder to fit the capabilities of the terminal in use regardless of network types. Currently, There are several frame works on personal mobility found in the literature. Mobile-agent-based infrastructure is one widely studied solution. In this infrastructure, each user is usually assigned a unique identifier and served by some personal mobile agents (or specialized computer programs running on same servers. These agents acts as intermediaries between the user and the Internet. A user also belongs to a home network that has servers with the updated user profile (including the current location of the user’s agents, user’s performances, and currently used device descriptions). When the user moves from his/her home network to a visiting network, his/her agents will migrate to the new network. CONCLUSIONS The future of mobile communication is FAMOUS-Future Advanced Mobile Universal Systems. The data rates targeted are 20 MBPS. That will be the FOURTH GENERATION 4G in the mobile communication technology. 4G must be hastened, as some of the video applications cannot be contained within 3G.This paper highlights that current systems must be implemented with a view of facilitate to seamless integration into 4G infrastructure. Inorder to cope with the heterogeneity of network services and standards, intelligence close to end system is required to map the user application requests onto network services that are currently available. This requirement for horizontal communication between different access technologies has been regarded as a key element for 4G systems. Finally, this paper describes how 4G mobile communication can be used in any situation where an intelligent solution is required for interconnection of different clients to networked applications aver heterogeneous wireless networks.
14-08-2012, 02:53 PM
4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1. 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM.pdf (Size: 382.74 KB / Downloads: 744) INTRODUCTION 1. In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). 2. A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smart phones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia may be provided to users. 3. Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006 and 2009 respectively, and are often branded as 4G. The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as a description for Mobile-WiMAX and LTE in their current forms. 4. IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called ―LTE Advanced‖ and ―WirelessMAN-Advanced‖ respectively. ITU has decided that ―LTE Advanced‖ and ―WirelessMAN-Advanced‖ should be accorded the official designation of IMT-Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation systems now deployed." 5. The approaching 4G (fourth generation) mobile communication systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality voice to high-definition video to high-data-rate wireless channels. HISTORY 8. The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1 presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. 9. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation) systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM (global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) (IS-54/IS- 136) in the U.S. PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) in Japan, and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (IS-95), another U.S. system. These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next, or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and become a truly global system. ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (OFDMA) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of free- dom. Using OFDM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance .It is also compatible with other enhancement Technologies, such as smart antennas and MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)radar antenna .OFDM modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). In this case, each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer optimization of radio link usage. SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from today's high processing power to develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals. Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator will reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In the context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard pico/micro cells. MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE -OUTPUT MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas (space multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several performance improvements range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The performance in cellular deployments is still subject to research and simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link. HANDOVER AND MOBILITY Handover technologies based on mobile IP technology have been considered for data and voice. Mobile IP techniques are slow but can be accelerated with classical methods (hierarchical, fast mobile IP). These methods are applicable to data and probably also voice. In single-frequency networks, it is necessary to reconsider the handover methods. Several techniques can be used when the carrier to interference ratio is negative (e.g. Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and code Division Multiplexing (VSFOFDM), bit repetition), but the drawback of these techniques is capacity. In OFDM, the same alternative exists as in CDMA, which is to use macro-diversity. In the case of OFDM, MIMO allows macro-diversity processing with performance gains. However, the implementation of macro-diversity implies that MIMO processing is centralized and transmissions are synchronous. This is not as complex as in CDMA, but such a technique should only be used in situations where spectrum is very scarce.
24-10-2012, 12:30 PM
to get information about the topic "multimedia streaming technology in 4g mobile communication systems
" full report ppt and related topic refer the link bellow https://seminarproject.net/Thread-multim...munication https://seminarproject.net/Thread-multim...3#pid87073 http://project-seminars.com/attachment.php?aid=31502 https://seminarproject.net/Thread-4g-mob...nar-report https://seminarproject.net/Thread-multim...?pid=26343 https://seminarproject.net/Thread-multim...3#pid87073 |
|