07-02-2013, 04:01 PM
CELL PHONE OPERATED LAND ROVER
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ABSTRACT
Cell phone operated land rover is a project in which the robot or car or rovers
will be controlled by the cell phone.
In this project a cell phone(1) is connected to the robot and
with the help of another phone(2) we will control this robot by pressing different keys
on another mobile phone (2).
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
Cell phone operated land rover, as we can under stand with the help of the project
name that a robot which is going to be controlled by the cell phone.
Conventionally wireless controlled robots use RF circuits which have
the drawback of limited working range, limited frequency range and limited control.
Use of a mobile phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides
advantages of robust control, working range as large as coverage area of the service
provider, no interference with other controllers and up to twelve controllers.
In this circuit there will be 2 mobile phone are going to be used 1st
phone will be connected to the robot and by 2nd we will control it. When we call the
2nd phone after taking the phone (automatically) when we will press any key on our
mobile on other mobile there will be also generate a tune, this tune will be converted
into electrical signal and this electrical signals will drive or control the robot.
This whole process can be understand in three stages
Input section:
in this stage we had used a decoder ic which will convert this signal (which is
generated by the second mobile) into the binary form.
Here we had also used a not gate ic which will invert the signal of the decoder.
RESISTORS
A resistor is an electrical component, which has been manufactured with a
specified amount of resistance. The resistors can conduct current in both the
directions. Thus the resistors may be connected in an electric circuit without concern
for lead polarisation. The resistors are used mainly for two purpose, namely
controlling the flow of electric current and providing desired amount of voltage in
electric or electronic circuit.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESISTORS
The classification of resistor in the form of a family tree. The resistors are basically of
two types, namely linear resistors and non-linear resistors. Each type is further
subdivided into many types as shown in the figure.
LINEAR RESISTORS
The resistors, through which the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage,
are called linear resistors. each resistors have a property that their resistance value do
not change with the variation in applied voltage, temperature or light intensity. The
linear resistors are of two types namely fixed resistors and variable resistors.
NON-LINEAR RESISTORS
The resistors, through which the current is not directly proportional to the applied
voltage, are called non-linear resistors. Such resistors have a property that their
resistance values changes with the variation in applied voltage, temperature or light
intensity. The non-linear resistors are of the three types namely Thermistors, photoresistor
and varistor.
WIREWOUND RESISTORS
Common in power supplies and other equipment that dissipates lots of power,
wirewound resistors are made just as you might expect: A high-resistance wire is
wound around an insulating form — usually a ceramic tube — and attached to
electrodes at each end. These are made to dissipate a lot of power in sizes from 1-watt
to hundreds of watts! Wirewound resistors are usually intended to be air cooled, but
some styles have a metal case that can be attached to a heat sink or metal chassis to
get rid of undesired heat. Because the resistive material in these resistors is wound on
a form, they also act like small inductors. For this reason, wirewound resistors are not
used in audio and RF circuits. Be careful when using a resistor from your junk box or
a grab bag in such a circuit! Small wirewound resistors look an awful lot like film or
carbon-comp resistors. There is usually a wide color band on wirewound resistors, but
not always. If you’re in doubt, test the resistor at the frequencies you expect to
encounter.
CAPACITORS
A capacitor is an electronic component manufactured with a specified amount of
capacitance. This component has an ability to charge or store energy, which neither a
resistance nor an inductor can do. It opposes any change of voltage in the circuit in
which it is connected. A capacitor is used in a number of applications, which are
highly specialized. Some of the important applications so a capacitor are in starting
motors, blocking d.c. current, passing a.c. current, filtering unwanted signals, tuning
circuit to a specific frequency, coupling the electronic circuits, bypassing signals etc.
A capacitor consists of two conducting plates separated by dielectric. The dielectric is
an insulating material in which an electric field can be established with little or no
leakage current. The dielectrics commonly used in actual practice are air, mica,
ceramic, paper, plastic, aluminium, tantalum etc.
VARIABLE CAPACITOR
The capacitors, in which the capacitance value may be changed by some means, are
called variable capacitors. The capacitance value is, usually, changed either by
varying the area between the plates or by adjusting the spacing between them. The
variable capacitors have capacitance in picofarad range. These capacitors are made by
using air, mica, ceramic or plastic as a dielectric. The variable capacitors, using air as
a dielectric, are used as ganged capacitors in radio receivers. The variable capacitors,
using other dielectrics, are called trimmers or padders.
DIODE
DEFINITION:
In electronics a diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electric
current in only one direction. The term usually refers to a semiconductor diode.
The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current in one direction
(called the forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (the
reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a
check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert
alternating current to direct current, and remove modulation from radio signals in
radio receivers.
D.C. MOTOR
DEFINATION:
An electric motor is a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A currentcarrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external
magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor,
and to the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from
playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like
polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The internal configuration of
a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying
conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.
Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).