20-11-2012, 04:42 PM
In Power Generation using Speed Breaker
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INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
In this model we show that how we can generate a voltage from the busy traffic. Conversion of the mechanical energy into electrical energy is widely used concept. It’s a mechanism to generate power by converting the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up on a speed breaker into rotational energy. We have used that simple concept to the project. We connect one mechanical rod with the dynamo and fit this rod on the surface of the road. When any vehicle moves from this roller then due to friction, vehicle Rotate the rod or roller and roller then move the dynamo. When dynamo move then it generates a voltage and this voltage now connects to the bulbs. In actual practice with the help of this voltage we will charge the battery and then we use this voltage to light the small bulb.
ALTERNATIVE METHOD
In power generation using speed breaker, we can use different mechanism to convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy from the speed breaker. The generation of electricity using the vehicle weight can considers as an input. The possible three different mechanisms are given below:
• Crank-shaft mechanism
• Roller mechanism
• Rack and pinion mechanism
In that project we have introduced a roller mechanism to convert the mechanical energy into the electrical energy. We have connected a roller to the shaft of a dynamo when roller moves it rotates the shaft of the dynamo by that process electricity is generated. In a roller mechanism the maintenance is required of the high level. Material selection is also an important task for the roller type mechanism. The below figure 1.1 shows the basic mechanism of roller type. In that one roller is linked with chain to the shaft of a dynamo, when vehicle moves over a speed breaker then potential energy is converted into a rotational energy which rotates the shaft of a dynamo due to that electricity is generated.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
MECHANICAL TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
One rod with the dynamo is placed like a speed breaker. Dynamo means a generator that produces direct current with the use of a commutator. The dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. Movement of vehicle just rotates the dynamo shaft and electricity is generated. This voltage is to be stored in the chargeable battery.
In the night lights are automatic on with the help of photovoltaic switch logic. But all lights are not on, only half light are on. Other half lights switch on automatically when any vehicle move on the bridge, when there is no vehicle on the bridge then lights are off automatically. We use two infrared sensors’ to check the movement of vehicle. When first infra red sensor is on then lights are on and when second sensor is interrupting then lights are off. A Street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate automatically in dark weather. In older lighting this function would have been performed with the aid of a solar dial. Here we used some electronics for that purpose. It is not uncommon for street lights to be on posts which have wires strung between them, such as on telephone poles or utility poles.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
After the general layout of the speed breaker system has been made of successful working it is necessary to select proper material for the system of refrigeration. This involves the consideration of many facts about available material such as dynamo weight, size shape of the component material cost, fabrication cost, overhead charges and many other properties peculiar to the use of which to member is to be fitted.
CIRCUIT WORKING
In this project we use 89S51 controller, family member of the 8051 family. Supply voltage of the microcontroller is 5 volt dc. For this purpose we convert the battery voltage into 5 volt dc with the help of the 5 volt regulator circuit. For this purpose we use IC 7805 regulator to regulate the high voltage into 5 volt dc. One capacitor is ground from the regulator for filtration.
Capacitor reduces the noise. Output of the regulator is connected to the pin no40 of the controller directly. One crystal is connected to the pin no 18 and 19 of the controller to provide an oscillation signal. For this purpose we use 12 MHz crystal. Two capacitor are grounded from the crystal to reduce the noise. In this project we use two logic. One is light sensitive logic and second is road sensor logic. When sensor is in dark then all the lights are on and when sensor is in light then all the lights are off. This is done by the light sensor (LDR). LDR is a light dependent resistor, when light fall on the LDR then LDR offers a low resistance and when LDR is in dark then LDR offers a high resistance. Here in this project we use the LDR with npn transistor circuit. Emitter of the npn transistor is connected to the ground and collector is connected to the pin no 3 of the controller.
When LDR is in light then there is low positive on the base of the npn transistor and collector is become more negative. When LDR is in dark then there is no base voltage and hence collector becomes more positive. Microcontroller sense this change of voltage and switch on the output led which is connected to the port 0
DYANAMO
Dynamo uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation
into a pulsing direct electric current through Faraday's law. A dynamo machine consists of a stationary structure, called the stator, which provides a constant magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings called the armature which turn within that field. On small machines the constant magnetic field may be provided by one or more permanent magnets; larger machines have the constant magnetic field provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field current.
The commutator was needed to produce direct current. When a loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field, the potential induced in it reverses with each half turn, generating an alternating current. However, in the early days of electric experimentation, alternating current generally had no known use. The few uses for electricity, such as electroplating, used direct current provided by messy liquid batteries. Dynamos were invented as a replacement for batteries. The commutator is a set of contacts mounted on the machine's shaft, which reverses the connection of the windings to the external circuit when the potential reverses, so instead of alternating current, a pulsing direct current is produced.
GRAMME DYNAMO
Both of these designs suffered from a similar problem: they induced "spikes" of current followed by none at all. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian scientist, fixed this by replacing the spinning coil with a toroidal one, which he created by wrapping an iron ring. This meant that some part of the coil was continually passing by the magnets, smoothing out the current. Zénobe Gramme reinvented this design a few years later when designing the first commercial power plants, which operated in Paris in the 1870s. His design is now known as the Gramme dynamo. Various versions and improvements have been made since then, but the basic concept of a spinning endless loop of wire remains at the heart of all modern dynamos.