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The document is written or drawn representation of thoughts. Originating from the sense of the Latin verb Documentum-lesson doceō means teaching, and is pronounced the same way in the past, it was generally used as a term for written evidence to be used as evidence. In the digital age, it is generally used to describe the first text file, together with its structure and design, such as fonts, colors, and additional images.
The modern term "document" may not be no longer is defined by its medium (e.g., paper) following the existence of electronic documents.
The formal term "document" is defined in the library and information science and documentation of science as a major theoretical construct. This is all that can be saved or submitted to serve as evidence for some purpose. A classic example provided by Suzanne Briet is the antelope: "Antelope grows wild on the plains of Africa should not be seen as it is But if it were to get captured, taken to the Zoo and made the object of study. It was made in a document. was the evidence used by those who study it. Indeed, research papers written about Antelope are secondary documents, because the Antelope is a primary document. "(As quoted in Buckland, 1998). (This view was seen in an early expression of what is now known as the theory of actor-network).
Concept paper
A concept paper has been defined as "any particular or symbolic display of stored or recorded, to restore or to prove the phenomenon, whether physical or mental" (Briet, 1951, 7; here quoted from Buckland, 1991).
A much cited article asked, "what is this document" and concluded as follows: "the evolving concept of a" document "among (Jonathan Priest). Departure, Briet, Schürmeyer, and other documentary makers often emphasize that acted as a document, as opposed to traditional physical forms. The transition to digital technology would seem to make the distinction even more important. Thoughtful analyses of Levy have shown that the emphasis on technology of digital documents prevents our understanding of digital documents as documents (for example, Levi, 1994 ). Simple document, such as a mail message or technical report, there is physically in digital technology as a string of bits, like everything else in the digital environment. As a research facility, it was made in a document. Was the evidence for those who study it.
The value of research on the example of the aircraft for many is an esoteric subject. It is a complex combination of men, machines and environment. Because of the technological front, which is dominated by aviation, people do not know about its aesthetics are especially that flight. This has serious implications for aviation education. Even professionals handle the safety of flights and passengers are sort of the literary values of the aircraft, which mainly deals with flights. Academic intervention to educate young people and professionals of aviation security, too rarely. The object of their study can be aviation documents on safety and people who travel by air, which contains many specific and symbolic signs of physical and mental phenomena, which he recorded. These statements have not been taken into account in a manner that is conducive to the peoples of the excitement, awareness and interest in aviation. Research can be developed to argue that deep structure safety of aviation documents postulate the philosophical and literary features of high aesthetic and educational values, the study sought to explore. These ontological and literary values can be designed in a way that makes it easier to create rich aviation literature with implications for disciplinary training aviation specialists to work for security. Can also be considered the consequences of intervention research studies in higher educational institutions of the University. Qualitative researcher can take to analyze text inductively and deductively in a structural critical perspective using auto-ethnographic interpretation strategy. (Baral, Saurabh r., 2014. Aviation English: a study of the ontological and literary dimensions safety instruments and their implications for aviation education concept proposal for the candidate Herself ...)
Document
A document is a written, drawn, presented or recorded representation of thoughts. Originating from the Latin Documentum meaning lesson - the verb doceō means to teach, and is pronounced similarly, in the past it was usually used as a term for a written proof used as evidence. In the computer age, a document is usually used to describe a primarily textual file, along with its structure and design, such as fonts, colors and additional images.
The modern term 'document' can no longer be defined by its transmission medium (such as paper), following the existence of electronic documents. 'Documentation' has more meanings than a written or drawn presentation of thoughts.
The formal term 'document' is defined in Library and information science and in documentation science, as a basic theoretical construct. It is everything which may be preserved or represented in order to serve as evidence for some purpose. The classical example provided by Suzanne Briet is an antelope: "An antelope running wild on the plains of Africa should not be considered a document, she rules. But if it were to be captured, taken to a zoo and made an object of study, it has been made into a document. It has become physical evidence being used by those who study it. Indeed, scholarly articles written about the antelope are secondary documents, since the antelope itself is the primary document." (Quoted from Buckland, 1998 [1]). (This view has been seen as an early expression of what now is known as actor–network theory)
Objectives and aims
The main strategic aim and objective for the nearest period is a dynamic development of the Bank and achievement of a qualitatively new level with the standards of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The development strategy of the Bank is based on the components, which together will ensure strengthen of the financial and economic situation of the Bank and the preservation of its credibility with its customers.
Main strategic aims of Joint Stock Commercial Bank «APABANK» (Closed Joint Stock Company) are:
1. Increase of authorized capital, raising size of own capital.
2. Expansion of activity of the Bank by obtaining a License providing right to carry out transactions in foreign currencies and further entry into the deposit insurance system.
3. Constant expansion of customer base with a priority on attracting small and micro-businesses.
4. Formation of a diversified and sustainable resource base.
5. Commencement and active development of cooperation with financial institutions and mortgage systems.
6. The increase in capitalization of the Bank.
7. The introduction of international standards of banking operations.
8. The introduction and development of modern methods of marketing and PR.
9. Improvement of risk management system.
10. Improving the quality and diversity of the range of services for individuals, small and medium-sized businesses, in raising the volume of transactions and the pursuit of cost reduction of managing business, increasing its level of technology and control.
Final result should be the creation of modern technologically Bank, which will possess by an optimal required network of service centers, provide high quality services to clients and enjoy significant authority in the market.
Methodology
Doing Business records all procedures officially required, or commonly done in practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and formally operate an industrial or commercial business, as well as the time and cost to complete these procedures and the paid-in minimum capital requirement (figure 1). These procedures include obtaining all necessary licenses and permits and completing any required notifications, verifications or inscriptions for the company and employees with relevant authorities. The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators (figure 2). The distance to frontier score shows the distance of an economy to the “frontier,” which is derived from the most efficient practice or highest score achieved on each indicator.
After a study of laws, regulations and publicly available information on business entry, a detailed list of procedures is developed, along with the time and cost to comply with each procedure under normal circumstances and the paid-in minimum capital requirement. Subsequently, local incorporation lawyers, notaries and government officials complete and verify the data.
Information is also collected on the sequence in which procedures are to be completed and whether procedures may be carried out simultaneously. It is assumed that any required information is readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay no bribes. If answers by local experts differ, inquiries continue until the data are reconciled.
To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the business and the procedures are used.
Assumptions about the business
The business:
• Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than one type of limited liability company in the economy, the limited liability form most common among domestic firms is chosen. Information on the most common form is obtained from incorporation lawyers or the statistical office.
• Operates in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city.
• Is 100% domestically owned and has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity.
• Has start-up capital of 10 times income per capita.
• Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale to the public of products or services. The business does not perform foreign trade activities and does not handle products subject to a special tax regime, for example, liquor or tobacco. It is not using heavily polluting production processes.
• Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not a proprietor of real estate.
• Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special benefits.
• Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of operations, all of them domestic nationals.
• Has a turnover of at least 100 times income per capita.
• Has a company deed 10 pages long.
Analysis
DEFINING DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
Document analysis is a systematic procedure for reviewing or evaluating documents—bothprinted and electronic (computer-based and Internet-transmitted) material. Like other ana-lytical methods in qualitative research, document analysis requires that data be examinedand interpreted in order to elicit meaning, gain understanding, and develop empiricalknowledge(Corbin&Strauss,2008;seealsoRapley,2007).Documentscontaintext(words)and images that have been recorded without a researcher’s intervention. For the purposesof this discussion, other mute or trace evidence, such as cultural artifacts, is not included. AtkinsonandCoffey(1997)refertodocumentsas‘socialfacts’,whichareproduced,shared,and used in socially organised ways (p. 47).Documents that may be used for systematic evaluation as part of a study take a variety offorms.Theyincludeadvertisements;agendas,attendanceregisters,andminutesofmeetings;manuals; background papers; books and brochures; diaries and journals; event programs(i.e., printed outlines);
sion program scripts; organisational or institutional reports; survey data; and various publicrecords. Scrapbooks and photo albums can also furnish documentary material for researchpurposes. These types of documents are found in libraries, newspaper archives, historicalsociety offices, and organisational or institutional files.Researchers typically review prior literature as part of their studies and incorporate thatinformation in their reports. However, where a list of analysed documents is provided, itoftendoesnotincludepreviousstudies.Surely,previousstudiesareasourceofdata,requiring that the researcher rely on the description and interpretation of data rather than having theraw data as a basis for analysis.The analytic procedure entails finding, selecting, appraising (making sense of), and syn-thesisingdatacontainedindocuments.Documentanalysisyieldsdata—excerpts,quotations,orentirepassages—thatarethenorganisedintomajorthemes,categories,andcaseexamplesspecifically through content analysis (Labuschagne, 2003)
Method
Fortunately, most customers pay their bills in the normal course of business. In fact, based on historical data compiled by the Foundation, delinquency generally averages between 7 and 9 days across all industries at any given time. Additionally, delinquency in excess of 91 days for all industries rarely surpasses 2 percent.
Good business requires that collection of invoices be made promptly and without any damage resulting to the customer relationship. It is this latter requirement, namely, to retain the customers' goodwill, which makes the collection problem a difficult one and which makes skill and tact essential in the handling of collections. Just how much pressure is to be brought to bear to obtain prompt collections and to what extent the relationship may be jeopardized in the effort are questions of policy. The collection problem should be analyzed and the collection policy defined in accordance with such objectives as:
• the policies of the selling division involved with the problem
• the economic climate in general
• the importance of the customer
• the effect of the combination of dollars and number of customers delinquent on the entire receivables portfolio.
Points to Consider
Our attention is caught by the exceptions, those who do not exhibit the expected pattern of behavior. In evaluating a delinquent customer (or the portfolio of delinquent customers), several factors should be taken into consideration.
• amount owed--a company can afford to devote more time and effort to the collection of large balances than it can to smaller ones. Two pitfalls to be mindful of in this connection are:
o the willingness to write-off small balances (which can add up over a year)
o obstinate, imprudent collection efforts (holding on to the collection for too long).
Either situation can lead to an unprofitable operation, the former through direct credit losses and the latter through a more insidious rise in the costs of recovery. The time to terminate a collection effort is crucial. The decision can make or lose money. Possibly outsourcing of collections based on dollars of exposure should be considered to control collection costs.
• how long has the item been unpaid--consideration of the age of the item is important. The value of the receivable falls rapidly as a function of time, and the longer the debt has been owed, the less likely you are to be paid.
• pattern of payment--note whether there have been partial payments or any effort to settle the debt. Has the customer made any sincere effort attempt to take care of the obligation.
• customer relationship--how long have you been dealing with the customer? If the customer is new, you owe it to them and your company to make your policy on collections clear from the start. Neglecting delinquency at this time is inviting problems forever with the account. If it is an old customer, how has the payment pattern been? How have any delinquencies been cleaned-up in the past? Is there a problem with the product or service?
• previous dealings with the customer--how has the customer lived up to its commitments in the past. Has the account ever been closed and reopened?
Principles of Collection
Certain principles have been found especially useful in the field of collection and may be grouped into the following areas:
• collect the money
• maintain a systematic follow-up
• get the customer to discuss the account
• and, preserve goodwill
Collect the money
The primary job of the person responsible for collections is to collect the money as close to the terms of the obligation as possible. There should never be any doubt as to why the individual is engaged in this particular task. The debtor has an obligation to pay within the terms of the agreement. It is the job of the collection person to make sure that this obligation is met. The tone may be indulgent at first, but should be intensified and accelerated as much as necessary to ensure payment by a debtor
Conclusion
Ethical health research and privacy protections both provide valuable benefits to society. Health research is vital to improving human health and health care—and protecting individuals involved in research from harm and preserving their rights is essential to the conduct of ethical research. The primary justification for protecting personal privacy is to protect the interests of individuals. In contrast, the primary justification for collecting personally identifiable health information for health research is to benefit society. But it is important to stress that privacy also has value at the societal level because it permits complex activities, including research and public health activities, to be carried out in ways that protect individuals’ dignity. It is also important to note that health research can benefit individuals, for example, when it facilitates access to new therapies, improved diagnostics, and more effective ways to prevent illness and deliver care.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) developed a set of federal standards for protecting the privacy of personal health information under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).1 The HIPAA Privacy Rule set forth detailed regulations regarding the types of uses and disclosures of individuals’ personally identifiable health information—called “protected health information”—permitted by “covered entities” (health plans, health care clearing houses, and health care providers who transmit information in electronic form in connection with transactions for which HHS has adopted standards under HIPAA).2 A major goal of the Privacy Rule is to ensure that individuals’ health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of information needed to promote high-quality health care. The Privacy Rule also set out requirements for the conduct of health research.
The Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information (the committee) was charged with two principal tasks3: (1) to assess whether the HIPAA Privacy Rule is having an impact on the conduct of health research, defined broadly to include biomedical research, epidemiological studies, and health services research, as well as studies of behavioral, social, and economic factors that affect health; and (2) to propose recommendations to enable the efficient and effective conduct of important health research while maintaining or strengthening the privacy protections of personally identifiable health information.
Observation
A bank deals in money and money substitutes; it also provides a range of financial services. In a formal sense, it borrows or receives “deposits” from firms, individuals, and (sometimes) governments and, on the basis of these resources, either makes “loans” to others or purchases securities, which are listed as “investments.” In general, it covers its expenses and earns its profits by borrowing at one rate of interest and lending at a higher rate. In addition, commissions may be charged for services rendered.
A bank is under an obligation to repay its customers’ balances either on demand or whenever the amounts credited to them become due. For this reason, a bank must hold some cash (which for this purpose may include balances at a bankers’ bank, such as a central bank) and keep a further proportion of its assets in forms that can readily be converted into cash. It is only in this way that confidence in the banking system can be maintained. In its turn, confidence is the basis of “credit.” Provided its promises are always honored (for example, to convert notes into gold or deposit balances into cash), a bank can “create credit” for use by its customers—either by issuing additional notes or by making new loans (which in turn become new deposits). A bank is able to do this because the public believes the bank can and will without question honor these promises, which will then be accepted at their face value and circulate as money. As long as they remain outstanding, these promises continue to constitute claims against that bank and can be transferred by means of checks or other instruments from one party to another. In essence, this is what is known as “deposit banking.” With some variations, it is the accepted basis of commercial banking as practiced in the modern world. Indeed, deposit banking cannot be said to exist as long as the assets held by a bank consist only of cash lodged by depositors. Once the accounts of banks begin to show more deposits than cash, part of these deposits must represent loans that have been made by a banker to his customers, that is, deposits created by the banking system.
Origins
Although no adequate documentation exists prior to the thirteenth century, banking is known to have a longer history. However, many of the early “banks” dealt primarily in coin and bullion, much of their business being concerned with money-changing and the supply of lawful foreign and domestic coin of the correct weight and fineness. A second and important group consisted of merchant-bankers who dealt not only in goods but also in bills of exchange, which provided for the remittance of money and the payment of accounts at a distance, without shipping actual coin. This was possible because many of these merchants had an international business and held assets at a number of points on the trading routes of medieval Europe. For a consideration, a merchant would be prepared to accept instructions to pay out money through an agent elsewhere to a named party, the amount of the bill of exchange to be debited by the agent to the merchant-banker’s account. In addition to the consideration paid, the merchantbanker would also hope to make a profit from the exchange of one currency for another. Since there was the possibility of loss, any profit or gain was not regarded as usurious. There were also techniques for making concealed loans by supplying foreign exchange at a distance but deferring payment for it until a later date. The interest charge was camouflaged by fluctuations in the rate of exchange between the date of ordering goods and the date of payment for them.
The acceptance of deposits was another early banking activity. These might relate either to the deposit of money or valuables merely for safekeeping or for purposes of transfer to another party or to the deposit of money in current account. A balance in current account might also represent the proceeds of a loan granted by the banker. Indeed, by oral agreement between the parties, recorded in the banker’s journal, a loan might be granted merely by allowing a customer to overdraw his account. In all these instances, a banker was held liable to meet on demand the claims of his depositors.
Deposit banking
By the seventeenth century English bankers had begun to develop a depositbanking business, and the techniques evolved there and in Scotland were in due course to prove highly influential elsewhere. As men of wealth and reputation, the London goldsmiths already kept money and other valuables in safe custody for customers. They also dealt in bullion and foreign exchange and this led to their acquiring and sorting coin for profit. In order to attract coin for sorting, they offered to pay a rate of interest and, in this way, began to supplant as deposit bankers their great rivals the “money scriveners.” These were notaries who had come to specialize in bringing together borrowers and lenders and had themselves been accepting deposits.
It was soon discovered that when merchants deposited money with a goldsmith or scrivener they tended, as a group, to maintain their deposits at a fairly steady level; the goldsmith was able to “depend upon a course of Trade whereby Money comes in as fast as it is taken out.” In addition, customers preferred to leave their surplus money with the goldsmith and to hold only enough for their everyday needs. Hence, there was likely to be a fund of idle cash that could be lent out at interest to those who could use such money to advantage.
Invention of the check. There had also grown up a practice whereby the customer could arrange for the transfer to another party of part of his credit balance with his banker by addressing to him an order to this effect. This was the origin of the modern check (the earliest known example in England is dated 1670). It was but a short step from making a loan in specie to permitting customers to borrow by issuing checks. One technique was to debit a loan account with the full amount borrowed and immediately to credit an equivalent amount to a current account against which checks could be drawn. Alternatively, the customer might be permitted to overdraw his account. In the former case, interest was charged on the full amount placed to the debit of the loan account; in the latter, interest was charged only on the amount actually borrowed. But, in both cases, the customer was permitted to borrow by issuing checks in payment for goods or services. The checks represented claims against the bank, which had a corresponding claim against its customer.
Bank notes. Another means whereby a bank could create claims against itself was by issuing notes. If the volume of notes so issued exceeded the amount of specie or bullion held, additional money would have been created. The amount that was issued depended on the banker’s calculation of the possible demand from his customers for specie; the public would accept such notes only because of the banker’s known integrity. The evidence suggests that in London the goldsmith bankers were developing the use of the bank note at about the same time as the check, although the first bank notes in Europe were issued in 1661 by the Bank of Stockholm (later to become the Bank of Sweden). Some commercial banks are still permitted to issue their own notes, but most such issues have now been taken over by the central bank