27-08-2014, 02:38 PM
This project report pertains to six months industrial training that we had underwent at HITECH, Chandigarh as part of curriculum of degree in Bachelor of technology in Computer science and engineering as required by SBSSTC (affiliated to Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar) . We learnt a lot from professional managers and skilled engineers. we had a great learning experience as trainee in this firm. we learnt a lot about how different networks are controlled in the industry or any department with the help of networking processes, under MCITP , CCNA and cloud computing. we have learnt about different type of servers like DHCP Server, DNS Server, WEB Server. Also we have learnt how to control the LAN and MAN networks under MCITP (Microsoft Certified System Engineers) and how to control MAN and WAN networks under CCNA (CISCO Certified System Engineers). Justification cannot be done to whatever we have learnt in these six months within a few pages but we have still tried our best to cover as much as possible in this report.In this report we have tried to sum up the technical
LITERATURE RIEVIEW
Computer Networking is a very vast project in the present developing era of electronics and communication. Now a days, computers are used in a wider range. All the organizations are using multiple computers within their departments to perform their day to day work. Computer network allows the user to share data, share folders and files with other users connected in a network. Computer Networking has bound the world in a very small area with it wide networking processes like LAN, MAN, WAN.
The courses in jetking comprises lecture and theory session, with a great focus on active participation through smart lab plus ,that focuses on audio visual and learning with hands-on training and equips students with an in depth domain knowledge that is technical; it also equips students with soft skills ,to face the multi-faceted challenges of corporate world.
1.2 Introduction to networking
Networking is a practice of linking of two or more computing devices such as PCs, printers,
faxes etc., with each other Connection between two devices is through physical media or logical media to share information, data and resources. Networks are made with the hardware andsoftwar
1.2.1 Models of Networking
Networking is a practice of linking of two or more computing devices such as PCs, printers, faxes etc., with each other Connection between two devices is through physical media or logical media to share information, data and resources. Networks are made with the hardware and software.
Model means the connectivity of two computers. We have many types of networking models.
(i) Client – Server Model
(ii) Peer to Peer Model (Workgroup Model)
(i) Client –Server Model
In a Client server model we have one server and many clients. A Client can share the resources of server, but a server cannot share the resources on clients.
On the point of view of administrator it.s very easy to control the network because we combine with the server also at security point of view. It is very useful because it uses user level security in which users have to remember only one password to share the resources.
(ii) Peer to Peer Model (Workgroup Model)
In Peer to Peer networking model all computers are in equal status, that is we cannot manage centralization, administration secutity. In Peer to Perr networking client use operating system like Window 98, Window XP, Window 2000, Window Vista.
1.2.2 Categories of network
Networks can be categorized as per geographical area to be covered by the network. Computer network are divided into four categories includes: Local Area Network (LAN), Campus Area Network (CAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN).
Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is a computer network that is used to connect computers and work station to share data and resources such as printers or faxes. LAN is restricted to a small area such as home, office or college. Devices used in LAN are : HUB and switch. Media for LAN is UTP cables. Figure 1.2 shows how all work stations, server and printer are interconnected with the help of the network device.
Fig 1.1
Types of LAN
In LANs, data can be transferred using techniques like token passing. As per techniques used for data sharing, LANS are classified into Ethernet, Token Bus, Token Ring and Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI).Figure 3.3 shows LAN classification.
Fig 1.2 LAN CLASSIFICATION
Advantages of LAN
a). Provides communication in smaller networks, easy to install and configure.
b). Many users can share data or network elements at the same time which results in fast work.
Disadvantages of LAN
a). Limited number of computers are connected in a LAN.
b). LAN cannot cover large area.
c). Network performance degrades as the number of users exceeds.
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Campus Area Network is a computer network made up of two or more LANs within a limited area. It can cover many buildings in an area. The main feature of CAN is that all of the computers which are connected together have some relationship to each other e.g.different buildings in a campus can be connected using different CAN. It willhelp to interconnectacademic departments, library and computer laboratories. CAN is larger than LAN but smaller than WAN.
Fig1.3 campus area network
Devices used in CAN are : HUB, Switch, Layer-3 switch, Access Point .And the media used for CAN is Unshielded twisted pair of cables and Fiber Optics Cable.
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
MAN is the interconnection of networks in a city. MAN is not owned by a single organization. It act as a high speed network to allow sharing resources with in a city. MAN can also be formed by connecting remote LANs through telephone lines or radio links. MAN supports data and voice transmission. The best example of MAN is cable T.V network in a city.
Fig 1.4 Metropolitan Network
Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN covers a wide geographical area which include multiple computers or LANs. It connects computer networks through public networks like, telephone system, microwave, satellite link or leased line.
Most of the WANs use leased lines for internet access as they provide faster data transfer. WAN helps an organization to establish network between all its departments and offices located in the same or different cities. It also enables communication between the organization and rest world.
1.3 IP ADDRESSES and MAC Addresses
It is also called as logical addresses. IP is a 32 bit long and it is divided into 4 octets and dot (.) is used to separate one octet from another. It is represented in the form of decimals. There are two versions of IP addresses:
- IPv4
- IPv6
1.3.1 IP Address Classes
IP address is a 32 bit address. It is divided into various classes namely Class A, ClassB, Class C, Class D and Class E. TCP/IP defines Class D for experimental purpose. TCP /IP address contains two addresses embedded within one IP address; Network address and host address as shown in figure .
NETWORK ADDRESS
HOST ADDRESS
0 BITS Table1.1 31 BITS
Address classes
Address class
Starting bits
Range of first octet
Mask value
Valid bits
Class A
0
1 to 127
255.0.0.0.
256*256*256*-2=16,177,214
Class B
10
128 to 191
255.255.0.0
256*256-
2=65,534
Class C
110
192 to 223
255.255.255.0
256-2
Class D
1110