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ABSTRACT
The Eye gaze System is a communication and control system for people with complex physical disabilities. You run the system with your eyes. By looking at control keys displayed on a screen, a person can synthesize speech, control his environment (lights, appliances, etc.), type, operate a telephone, run computer software, operate a computer mouse, and access the Internet and e-mail. Eye gaze Systems are being used to write books, attend school and enhance the quality of life of people with disabilities all over the world.
Imagine yourself being a intelligent, motivated, and working person in the fiercely competitive market of information technology, but just one problem You can't use your hands. Or you can't speak. How do you do your job? How do you stay employed? You can, because of a very good gift from computer Industry: The Eye gaze, a communication & control system you run with your eyes.
The Eye gaze System is a direct-select vision-controlled communication and control system. It was developed in Fairfax, Virginia, by LC Technologies, Inc.,
THE SKILLS NEEDED BY THE USER
This system is mainly developed for those who lack the use of their hands or voice. Only requirements to operate the Eye gaze are control of at least one eye with good vision & ability to keep head fairly still. Eye gaze Systems are in use around the world. Its users are adults and children with cerebral palsy, spinal cord injuries, brain injuries, ALS, multiple sclerosis, brainstem strokes, muscular dystrophy, and Werdnig Hoffman syndrome. Eye gaze Systems are being used in homes, offices, schools, hospitals, and long term care facilities. By looking at control keys displayed on a screen, a person can synthesize speech, control his environment (lights, appliances, etc.), type, operate a telephone, run computer software, operate a computer mouse, and access the Internet and e-mail. Eye gaze Systems are being used to write books, attend school and enhance the quality of life of people with disabilities all over the world.
HOW DOES THE EYEGAZE SYSTEM WORKS
For using the Eye gaze Systems the users sits in front of the system’s screen and for tracking the eye movement of the user the systems follows the below mentioned steps. As the system starts tracking the movement of the eyes, all the features of the system can be used depending on the requirements. As a user sits in front of the Eye gaze monitor, a specialized video camera mounted below the monitor observes one of the user's eyes. Sophisticated image processing software in the Eye gaze System's computer continually analyzes the video image of the eye and determines where the user is looking on the screen. Nothing is attached to the user's head or body.
• As a user sits in front of the Eye gaze monitor, a specialized video camera mounted below the monitor observes one of the user's eyes.
• Sophisticated image processing software in the Eye gaze System's computer continually analyzes the video image of the eye and determines where the user is looking on the screen. Nothing actually is attached to the user's head or body.
• The Eye gaze System uses the pupil-center/corneal-reflection method to determine where the user is looking on the screen. An infrared-sensitive video camera, mounted beneath the System's monitor, takes 60 pictures per second of the user's eye.
• A low power, infrared light emitting diode (LED), mounted in the center of the camera's lens illuminates the eye. The LED reflects a small bit of light off the surface of the eye's cornea. The light also shines through the pupil and reflects off of the retina, the back surface of the eye, and causes the pupil to appear white. The bright-pupil effect enhances the camera's image of the pupil and makes it easier for the image processing functions to locate the center of the pupil.
• The computer calculates the person's gaze point, i.e., the coordinates of where he is looking on the screen, based on the relative positions of the pupil center and corneal reflection within the video image of the eye.
• Typically the Eye gaze System predicts the gaze point with an average accuracy of a quarter inch or better.
• Prior to operating the eye tracking applications, the Eye gaze System must learn several physiological properties of a user's eye in order to be able to project his gaze point accurately. The system learns these properties by performing a calibration procedure.
• The user calibrates the system by fixing his gaze on a small yellow
circle displayed on the screen, and following it as it moves around the screen. The calibration procedure usually takes about 15 seconds, and the user does not need to recalibrate if he moves away from the Eye gaze System and returns later.
• A user operates the Eye gaze System by looking at rectangular keys that are displayed on the control screen. To "press" an Eye gaze key, the user looks at the key for a specified period of time.
• The gaze duration required to visually activate a key, typically a fraction of a second, is adjustable. An array of menu keys and exit keys allow the user to navigate around the Eye gaze programs independently.
4. HOW TO RUN THE EYEGAZE SYSTEM
A user operates the Eye gaze System by looking at rectangular keys that are displayed on the control screen. To "press" an Eye gaze key, the user looks at the key for a specified period of time. The gaze duration required to visually activate a key, typically a fraction of a second, is adjustable. An array of menu keys and
exit keys allow the user to navigate around the Eye gaze programs independently.
• The Edge Analysis System uses the Pupil-Center/Corneal-Reflection method to determine the eye's gaze direction.
• A video camera located below the computer screen remotely and unobtrusively observes the subject's eye.
• No attachments to the head are required.
• A small, low power, infrared light emitting diode (LED) located at the center of the camera lens illuminates the eye. The LED generates the corneal reflection and causes the bright pupil effect, which enhances the camera's image of the pupil.
USES OF EYEGAZE
Every year more than 100 000 people are diagnosed with motor neurone diseases. Typically, even when all other ways of communicating are either severely damaged or completely lost, the eyes still function. Communication by Gaze Interaction (COGAIN) is a Network of Excellence designed specifically to help people with these disabilities to communicate more effectively with eye gaze. At the COGAIN stand you can see how this technology is used by a person who relies on it.
Current eye tracking equipment allows users to generate text on a computer by using eye gaze. Users are able to select letters and numbers by looking at a keyboard on a screen with their eyes, and can construct words and sentences that can be spoken aloud by the system. Using these systems both empowers and enables people with disabilities as they can now communicate without the need for an assistant or helper, giving the users greater freedom in their lives.
Eye tracking systems that allow text entry by eye gaze have been in existence for about two decades, but the technology is still only available to a small portion of the potential user population. Obstacles for more wide-spread use currently include: the high cost of eye tracking equipment, the limitation that gaze communication applications may only work with a particular dedicated eye tracking device, and finally that eye tracking devices are often hard to use and require experts to operate them.
5.1 The Basic Eye gaze can:
ADJUST TO A NEW USER in about 15 seconds. (Calibration)
TYPE with one of four keyboards, then print or speak. (Typewriter)
TURN pages on the computer screen by looking at "up" or "down". (Read Text)
PLAY games, two "Paddle" games, plus Solitaire and Slot Machine. (Games)
TEACH new users with simplified screens. (Teach Screens)
5.2 With Options the Eye gaze can:
BE AT TWO SITES!! Portable computer has a handle to hand-carry between two sites. Two sets of other components and cables for access to Eye gaze System at school, work or home. Dimensions 9"x5'txl7'1, weight approximately 16 lbs. (Transportable Computer)
BE A KEYBOARD to a second computer to run any keyboard-controlled software, by means of the T-TAM connector. (Second Computer Mode)
SPEAK 100 "canned phrases" through a speech synthesizer, with a single glance of the eye. Phrases can be changed by caregiver or user. (Phrases)
CONTROL appliances anywhere in the home or office from one Eye gaze screen. No special wiring. (Lights and Appliances)
DIAL and answer a speaker phone from one screen. "Phone Book" stores 16 frequently used numbers. (Telephone)
Main Menu Options:
6.1 The Phrase Program:
The Phrases program, along with the speech synthesizer, provides quick communications for non-verbal users. Looking at a key causes a preprogrammed message to be spoken. The Phrases program stores up to 126 messages, which can be composed and easily changed to suit the user.
APPLICATIONS
Every year more than 100,000 people are diagnosed with motor neuron diseases. Typically, even when all other ways of communicating are either severely damaged or completely lost, the eyes still function. Communication by Gaze Interaction (COGAIN) is a Network of Excellence designed specifically to help people with these disabilities to communicate more effectively with eye gaze. At the COGAIN stand you can see how this technology is used by a person who relies on it.
Current eye tracking equipment allows users to generate text on a computer by using eye gaze. Users are able to select letters and numbers by looking at a keyboard on a screen with their eyes, and can construct words and sentences that can be spoken aloud by the system. Using these systems both empowers and enables people with disabilities as they can now communicate without the need for an assistant or helper, giving the users greater freedom in their lives.
Eye tracking systems that allow text entry by eye gaze have been in existence for about two decades, but the technology is still only available to a small portion of the potential user population. Obstacles for more wide-spread use currently include: the high cost of eye tracking equipment, the limitation that gaze communication applications may only work with a particular dedicated eye tracking device, and finally that eye tracking devices are often hard to use and require experts to operate them.
A wide variety of disciplines use eye tracking techniques, including cognitive science, psychology (notably psycholinguistics, the visual world paradigm), human-computer interaction (HCI), marketing research and medical research (neurological diagnosis). Specific applications include the tracking eye movement in language reading, music reading, human activity recognition, the perception of advertising, and the playing of sport. Uses include:
• Cognitive Studies
• Medical Research
• Laser refractive surgery
• Human Factors
• Computer Usability
• Vehicle Simulators
• Virtual Reality
• Adult Research
• Sports Training
Commercial applications
In recent years, the increased sophistication and accessibility of eye tracking technologies have generated a great deal of interest in the commercial sector. Applications include web usability, advertising, sponsorship, package design and automotive engineering. In general, commercial eye tracking studies function by presenting a target stimulus to a sample of consumers while an eye tracker is used to record the activity of the eye. Examples of target stimuli may include websites, television programs, sporting events, films, commercials, magazines, newspapers, packages, shelf Displays, consumer systems (ATMs, checkout systems, kiosks), and software. The resulting data can be statistically analyzed and graphically rendered to provide evidence of specific visual patterns. By examining fixations, saccades, pupil dilation, blinks and a variety of other behaviors researchers can determine a great deal about the effectiveness of a given medium or product. While some companies complete this type of research internally, there are many private companies that offer eye tracking services and analysis.
The most prominent field of commercial eye tracking research is web usability. While traditional usability techniques are often quite powerful in providing information on clicking and scrolling patterns, eye tracking offers the ability to analyze user interaction between the clicks. This provides valuable insight into which features are the most eye-catching, which features cause confusion and which ones are ignored altogether. Specifically, eye tracking can be used to assess search efficiency, branding, online advertisements, navigation usability, overall design and many other site components. Analyses may target a prototype or competitor site in addition to the main client site.
Eye tracking is commonly used in a variety of different advertising media. Commercials, print ads, online ads and sponsored programs are all conducive to analysis with current eye tracking technology. Analyses focus on visibility of a target product or logo in the context of a magazine, newspaper, website, or televised event. This allows researchers to assess in great detail how often a sample of consumers fixates on the target logo, product or ad in this way, an advertiser can quantify the success of a given campaign in terms of actual visual attention.
Eye tracking provides package designers with the opportunity to examine the visual behavior of a consumer while interacting with a target package. This may be used to analyze distinctiveness, attractiveness and the tendency of the package to be chosen for purchase. Eye tracking is often utilized while the target product is in the prototype stage. Prototypes are tested against each other and competitors to examine which specific elements are associated with high visibility and appeal.
One of the most promising applications of eye tracking research is in the field of automotive design. Research is currently underway to integrate eye tracking cameras into automobiles. The goal of this endeavor is to provide the vehicle with the capacity to assess in real-time the visual behavior of the driver. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that drowsiness is the primary causal factor in 100,000 police-reported accidents per year. Another NHTSA study suggests that 80% of collisions occur within three seconds of a distraction. By equipping automobiles with the ability to monitor drowsiness, inattention, and cognitive engagement driving safety could be dramatically enhanced. Lexus claims to have equipped its LS 460 with the first driver monitor system in 2006, providing a warning if the driver takes his or her eye off the road.
Since 2005, eye tracking is used in communication systems for disabled persons: allowing the user to speak, send e-mail, browse the Internet and perform other such activities, using only their eyes. Eye control works even when the user has involuntary movement as a result of Cerebral palsy or other disabilities, and for those who have glasses or other physical interference which would limit the effectiveness of older eye control systems.
Eye tracking has also seen minute use in autofocus still camera equipment, where users can focus on a subject simply by looking at it through the viewfinder.