19-10-2016, 09:32 AM
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ABSTRACT
Owing to the critical situations which may exist in different locations, it becomes very difficult to work at these places. One of the situation is filling of oil in vehicles during bitter cold and sarcastic climate. This led to the idea to automate the petrol pump. Often working at late night with hard cash has the risk of being robbed and may lead to life threatening situation. The goal of the project is to aid the trade-person and consumer in such adverse circumstances.
The demands for automated products with programmability are growing day by day. Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical and electronic and computers, usually in combination. In today’s fast growing world there is a need to find distinct ways for providing facilities to the users so as to meet the growing standards. Generally the familiar method of filling vehicle tank is done manually by worker present at the spot which often use different unfair means to fill their pockets. The purpose of the project is the realization of a compact, low cost & user demanded facility. Automation of a machine increases the accuracy of the work.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
What is embedded system?
An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.
An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc. .Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices in our everyday life like Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.
Characteristics of Embedded System
• An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a computer.
• They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications
– Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time.
– Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly.
– Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.
– Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.
– Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human intervention.
– Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.
– Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into embedded systems.
– Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the software in these systems must conserve power.
– Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can complicate the response problem.
– Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.
• Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk drives.
APPLICATIONS
1) Military and aerospace embedded software applications
2) Communication Applications
3) Industrial automation and process control software
4) Mastering the complexity of applications.
5) Reduction of product design time.
6) Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.
7) Intelligent, autonomous sensors.
CLASSIFICATION
• Real Time Systems.
• RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.
• A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer
RTS CLASSIFICATION
• Hard Real Time Systems
• Soft Real Time System
HARD REAL TIME SYSTEM
• "Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.
• Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.
SOFT REAL TIME SYSTEM
• "Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate very quickly and repeatable.
• Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains valid
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
HARDWARE COMPONENTS
1. TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)
2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
3. RECTIFIER
4. FILTER
5. MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
6. BC547
7. LED
8. 1N4007
9. RESISTORS
10. CAPACITORS
11. RFID Reader
12. Relay
13. LCD 16*2
TRANSFORMER
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage.
The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit
symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.
The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.
TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = ( Np / Ns )
Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805
Features
• Output Current up to 1A.
• Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
• Thermal Overload Protection.
• Short Circuit Protection.
• Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.