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INTRODUCTION
1.1DEEP BEAMS
1.1.1 General Introduction
Recent lectures delivered at Ove Arup and Partners, London (Kong, 1986a), and at the Institution of Structural Engineers’ Northern Countries Branch in Newcastle upon Tyne (1985), have shown that reinforced concrete deep beams is a subject of considerable interest in structural engineering practice.
1.1.2 Definition
Beams with larger depth to span ratio area called as deep beams. As per the standards specified in IS 456 (2000) clause 29, the span (L) to depth (D) ratio of the deep beams are given as below:
• Simply supported beam, L/D < 2
• Continuous beam, L/D < 2.5
The effective span for deep beams is given by lesser of the following two values:
Centre – to – Centre (c/c) distance between the supports.
1.15 times the clear span.
1.1.3 Why to use deep beams
Deep beams are structural elements loaded as simple beams in which a significant amount of the load is carried to the supports by a compression force combining the load and the reaction. As a result, the strain distribution is no longer considered linear, and the shear deformations become significant when compared to pure flexure.
1.1.4 Examples of deep beams
• Floor slabs under horizontal load, short span beams carrying
heavy loads.
• Transfer girders.
1.1.5 Difference between Deep Beams & Simple Beams
The following are the major difference between deep beams and simple beams based on the design assumptions:
• Two-Dimensional action, because of the dimension of deep beam they behave as two-dimensional action rather than one-dimensional action.
• Plane section do not remain plane, the assumption of plane section remain plane cannot be used in the deep beam design. The strain distribution is non-longer linear.
• Shear Deformation, the shear deformation cannot be neglected as in the ordinary beam. The stress distribution is not linear even in the elastic stage. At the ultimate limit state the shape of concrete compressive stress block is not parabolic shape again.
1.2 ANSYS 9.0 SOFTWARE
Ansys, Inc. is an engineering simulation software (computer-aided engineering, or CAE) developer headquartered south of Pittsburgh in the Southpointe business park in Cecil Township, Pennsylvania, United States. One of its most significant products is Ansys CFD, a proprietary computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program.
ANSYS is a commercial FEM package having the capabilities ranging from a simple, linear, static analysis to a complex, nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis. It is available in modules. Each module is applicable to specific problem. For example, ANSYS/Civil is applicable to civil structural analysis. Similarly ANSYS/Flotran is CFD software applicable to Fluid Flow. The advantage of ANSYS compared to other competitive software’s is, its availability as bundled software of pre, post and a Processor. Typical ANSYS program includes 3 stages namely,
• Pre-Processing
• Solution
• Post-Processing
SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE
SOLIDWORKS (originally SolidWorks) is solid modeling CAD (computer-aided design) software that runs on Microsoft Windows and has been produced by Dassault Systèmes SOLIDWORKS Corp., a subsidiary of Dassault Systèmes, S. A.(Vélizy, France) since 1997. SOLIDWORKS is currently used by over 2 million engineers and designers at more than 165,000 companies worldwide. FY2011 revenue for SOLIDWORKS was 483 million dollars.
SOLIDWORKS Corporation was founded in December 1993 by Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduate Jon Hirschtick, Hirschtick used $1 million he had made while a member of the MIT Blackjack Team to set up the company. Initially based in Waltham, Massachusetts, USA, Hirschtick recruited a team of engineers with the goal of building 3D CAD software that was easy-to-use, affordable, and available on the Windows desktop. Operating later from Concord, Massachusetts, SOLIDWORKS released its first product SolidWorks 95, in 1995. In 1997 Dassault, best known for its CATIA CAD software, acquired SolidWorks for $310 million in stock.
SOLIDWORKS currently markets several versions of the SOLIDWORKS CAD software in addition to eDrawings, a collaboration tool, and DraftSight, a 2D CAD product.
SOLIDWORKS was headed by John McEleney from 2001 to July 2007 and Jeff Ray from 2007 to January 2011. The current CEO is Gian Paolo Bassi from Jan 2015. Gian Paolo Bassi replaces Bertrand Sicot, who is promoted Vice President Sales of Dassault Systèmes’ Value Solutions sales channel.
SOLIDWORKS is a solid modeler, and utilizes a parametric feature-based approach to create models and assemblies. The software is written on Parasolid-kernel.
Parameters refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly. Parameters can be either numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical, etc. Numeric parameters can be associated with each other through the use of relations, which allows them to capture design intent.
Design intent is how the creator of the part wants it to respond to changes and updates. For example, you would want the hole at the top of a beverage can to stay at the top surface, regardless of the height or size of the can. SOLIDWORKS allows the user to specify that the hole is a feature on the top surface, and will then honor their design intent no matter what height they later assign to the can.
Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part. Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc.
Building a model in SOLIDWORKS usually starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geometry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. Relations are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity. The parametric nature of SOLIDWORKS means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch.
In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to sketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies. SOLIDWORKS also includes additional advanced mating features such as gear and cam follower mates, which allow modelled gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the rotational movement of an actual gear train.
Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are automatically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances can then be easily added to the drawing as needed. The drawing module includes most paper sizes and standards (ANSI, ISO, DIN, GOST, JIS, BSIand SAC).
1.4 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD(FEM)
Today, finite element method enjoys a position of predominance among the computational methods to occur in this century, within only a few decades this technique has evolved from one with initial application in analysis of aircraft structure as early as 1941 and in structural engineering to a widely utilized and richly varied computational approach for many scientific and technological areas. The stress analysis in the field of structural mechanics is invariable complex and for many of the engineering problems; it is extremely difficult and tedious to obtain analytical solutions. In this situation, most of the practical problems are solved by numerical methods, which provide approximate but acceptable solutions. With the advent of computers, one of the most powerful techniques that has emerged from the realm of engineering analysis is the finite element method and the method being general, can be used for the analysis of structures are solid of complex shapes and complicated boundary conditions.
The basic concept of finite element method is discretization of a structure into finite number of elements, connected at finite number of points called nodes. The material properties and the governing relationships are considered over these elements and expressed in terms of nodal displacement at nodes. An assembly process duly considering the loading and constraints results in a set of equations governing the structural response, which are established through the application of appropriate variation principle. Solutions of these equations give the response of the structure. Selecting proper elements and subdividing the structure with large number of finite elements or by taking higher order elements can increase the accuracy of solution obtained by finite element method. In modern design practice, with the advent of large and fast modern digital computers and advancement in numerical techniques; solutions to various static and dynamic problems has become fast and efficient.
International journal of modern engineering research (IJMER), Vol.3, Issue.1, Jan-Feb. 2013 pp-45-52, ISSN: 2249-6645- Experimental and Analytical study on Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam by Prof. S. S. Patil ( Dept of Civil Engg., Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, India), Prof. A. N. Shaikh (Dept of Civil Engg., Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, India), Prof. Dr. B. R. Niranjan (Dept of Civil engg., U.V.C.E Bangalore University, Bangalore, India ).
American journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 7, 271 - 275, Model Analysis of Titan Cantilever Beam using ANSYS and Solid Works by Pavol Lengvarsky, Jozef bocko, Martin Hangara (Dept.of Applied Mechanics and Mechatronics, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Vol. 2, Issue. 3, February 2013, ISSN: 2249 - 8958, Analysis and Design of R.C Deep Beam Using Code Provisions of Different Countries And Their Comparison, by Sudarshan D. Kore, S. S. Patil .
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Non- Linear Finite Element Method of Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam by Prof. S. S. Patil (Dept of Civil Engg., Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, India), Prof. A. N. Shaikh (Dept of Civil Engg., Walchand Institute of Technology, Solapur, India), Prof. Dr. B. R. Niranjan (Dept of Civil engg., U.V.C.E Bangalore University, Bangalore, India ).
ACI Structural Journal, Technical Paper, Title No: 99 - S56,Experimental Evaluation of Design Procedures for ShearStrength of Deep Reinforced Concrete Beams by Gerardo Aguilar, Adolfo B. Matamoros, Gustavo J. Parra-Montesinos, Julio A. Ramírez,and James K. Wight
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol.2, Issue.4, July-Aug. 2012 pp-1576-1587 ISSN: 2249-6645, Finite Element Analysis of Thin Walled-Shell Structures by ANSYS and LS-DYNA by T. Subramani, (Professor and Dean, Dept of Civil Engg., VMKV Engg. College, Vinayaka Mission University, Salem, India) and Athulya Sugathan (PG student of structural Engg., Dept of Civil Engg., Vinayaka Mission University, Salem, India).
MATERIALS USED AND METHODOLOGY
The various materials used for the casting of the beams are of economic and easy origin. The beam is composed of 4 major construction materials as given below:
• Cement
• Fine aggregate
• Coarse aggregate
• Rebar
3.1 MATERIALS USED
3.1.1 Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind other construction materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans, who used the term opus caementicium to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder.
The cement grade used for casting the beams wasOPC - 53 Grade cement.
53 Grade OPC is a higher strength cement to meet the needs of the consumer for higher strength concrete. As per BIS requirements the minimum 28 days compressive strength of 53 Grade OPC should not be less than 53 MPa.
For certain specialized works, such as pre-stressed concrete and certain items of pre-cast concrete requiring consistently high strength concrete, 53 grade OPC is found very useful. 53 grades OPC produce higher-grade concrete at very economical cement content. In concrete mix design, for concrete M-20 and above grades a saving of 8 to 10 % of cement may be achieved with the use of 53 grade OPC. The strength of 53 grade cement does not increase much after 28th day because of early gain.
In addition, due to faster hydration process, the concrete releases heat of hydration at much faster rate initially and release of heat is the highest in case of 53 grades. The heat of hydration being higher, the chances of micro-cracking of concrete is much greater.
Uses of rebar in concrete masonry:
Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression, but relatively weak in tension. To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar is cast into it to carry the tensile loads. Most steel reinforcement is divided into primary and secondary reinforcement, but there are other minor uses:
• Primary reinforcement refers to the steel which is employed to guarantee the resistance needed by the structure as a whole to support the design loads.
• Secondary reinforcement, also known as distribution or thermal reinforcement, is employed for durability and aesthetic reasons, by providing enough localized resistance to limit cracking and resist stresses caused by effects such as temperature changes and shrinkage.
• Rebar is also employed to confer resistance to concentrated loads by providing enough localized resistance and stiffness for a load to spread through a wider area.
• Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to accommodate their loads.
• External steel tie bars can constrain and reinforce masonry structures, as illustrated by the Nevyansk Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican.
Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have similar properties to concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with voids to accommodate rebar,which is then secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry.
While any material with sufficient tensile strength could potentially be used to reinforce concrete (glass and basalt fibers are also common), steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion: a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal stress as a result of differential expansions of the two interconnected materials caused by temperature changes.
3.2 MIX DESIGN
3.2.1 Design stipulations
a) Characteristic compressive strength requi
red in the field at 28 days 20N/mm2
b) Maximum size of aggregate 20mm(angular)
c) Degree of workability 0.90 compacting factor
d) Degree of quality control Good
Type of exposure Mild
3.2.2 Design for materials
a) Cement used – ordinary Portland cement
satisfying the requirements of IS: 269-1976
(Specification for ordinary and low heat
Portland cement (third version)
b) Specific gravity of cement 3.15
c) Specific gravity
1) Coarse aggregate 2.60
2) Fine aggregate 2.60
d) Water absorption
1) Coarse aggregate 0.5 percent
2) Fine aggregate 1.0 percent
e) Free ( surface ) moisture
1) Coarse aggregate nil (absorbed moisture also nil)
2) Fine aggregate 2.0 percent
f) Sieve analysis
1) Coarse aggregate